The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Homophobia is online: Sexual victimization and risks on the internet and mental health among bisexual, homosexual, pansexual, asexual, and queer adolescents
Open accessAbstract
The first aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and frequency of different forms of online sexual victimization and risks among sexual minorities, including sexting, sexual orientation- and gender-based victimization, unwanted sexual attention, sextortion, and revenge porn. The second aim was to examine whether online sexual victimization and risks mediate the relationship between being a sexual minority and mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety. The sample was composed of 1779 adolescents (50.9% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (mean age = 13.92, SD = 1.27), and 146 of them (8.2%) were sexual minorities (specifically, bisexual, homosexual, pansexual, asexual, or queer adolescents). About 17.3% of sexual minority adolescents have sent a sext. Four out of ten adolescents (41.1%) had experienced online sexual orientation discrimination and 28.4% gender-based victimization. More than forty percent (45.2%) experienced unwanted sexual attention, 9% were victims of sextortion, and 5.5% had been targets of revenge porn. Sexting, online sexual orientation victimization and gender-based victimization, and unwanted sexual attention partially mediated the relationship between being a sexual minority and mental health outcomes (i.e., depression and anxiety). More prevention programs aimed to reduce online sexual victimization and risks for sexual minorities are needed.
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“Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts (Eaton et al., 2022; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Henry et al., 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020).”
From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021
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“A preliminary version of the forms of victimization has shown adequate exploratory factorial validity in a previous study (Gámez -Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
From Assessing image-based sexual abuse: Measurement, prevalence, and temporal stability of sextortion and nonconsensual sexting (“revenge porn”) among adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as Gámez -Guadix & Incera, 2021
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bentler, 1995, Vol. 6
- Orue, 2018, Adaptación de la "escala de acoso escolar homofobico" y magnitud del problema en adolescentes españoles, Behavioral Psychology, 26, 437
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The outcomes of sexting for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature
Doyle, C., Douglas, E., & O’Reilly, G. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.009 · Cited by 115
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Wachs, S., Wright, M., Martínez, J., & Íncera, D. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12064 · Cited by 125
Self-citationRay, A., & Henry, N. (2025) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241277271 · Cited by 76
“Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts (Eaton et al., 2022; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Henry et al., 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020).”
InfluentialGámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J. (2023) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y · Cited by 65
“The relationship between being a victim of unwanted sexual attention and being a victim of sexuality-based harassment among adolescents was also reported by Gámez-Guadix and Íncera (2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMaheux, A. J., Burnell, K., Maza, M. T., Fox, K. A., Telzer, E. H., & Prinstein, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14085 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Gámez-Guadix, M., & Incera, D.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 106728
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127618208
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 14.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Government of Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- online sexual victimization, sexual minorities, adolescents, sexting, sextortion, revenge porn, unwanted sexual attention, sexual orientation discrimination, depression, anxiety, mental health, mediation, homophobia, queer youth
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