Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Network Analysis
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Introduction: The present study sought to analyze the relationships between different forms of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) perpetration and victimization, including gender- and sexuality-based harassment, digital sexual harassment, and image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), which includes both sextortion and non-consensual pornography. Methods: The sample was composed of 1682 adolescents (865 girls; Mage = 13.90, SDage = 1.26) who completed self-report measures from November 2019 to March 2020. We conducted network analyses to analyze the relationships among different forms of TFSV perpetration and victimization. Results: Overall, girls had higher victimization scores, whereas boys had higher scores in the perpetration of several forms of TFSV. Gender- and sexuality-based victimization formed a cluster with digital sexual harassment victimization, while sextortion and nonconsensual pornography victimization formed a differentiated cluster. Forms of IBSA victimization and digital sexual harassment victimization were strongly associated with their perpetration counterparts for boys, but this was not the case for girls. Conclusions: The results revealed that the different forms of victimization and perpetration appear to be related and suggest that TFSV is a gendered form of abuse. Policy Implications: Findings from the present study suggest that preventive programs in schools and communities should be holistic and address various forms of TFSV.
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The victim-offender overlap might be due to the prevalence of reciprocal online abuse on particular sites or forums.
“As noted by Gámez-Guadix et al. (2023), the victim-offender overlap might be due to the prevalence of reciprocal online abuse on particular sites or forums.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al. (2023)
The Discussion proposes that males may access certain Internet sites or applications where they are more likely both to perpetrate and to experience sexual harassment. This supports a possible site-related explanation for victim–offender overlap, but the passage is specific to males and does not establish the prevalence of reciprocal abuse on particular sites or forums. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne potential explanation for the gendered pattern is retaliatory dynamics present in male-dominated online spaces, such as gaming communities, where hostile, aggressive, or banter-type/humorous interactions tend to be normalized.
“One potential explanation for this gendered pattern may lie in the retaliatory dynamics present in male-dominated online spaces, such as gaming communities, where hostile, aggressive, or banter-type/humorous interactions tend to be normalized (Gámez-Guadix, Sorrel et al., 2022).”
From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix, Sorrel et al., 2022
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that male adolescents’ perpetration and victimization may be reciprocal, possibly because victims respond to aggressors, and mentions violent videogames as a setting where both may occur. It does not say that gaming communities are male-dominated or that hostile, aggressive, or humorous interactions are normalized there. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher rates of IBSA perpetration among men, young people, and LGBTIQ+ people might be because these groups are more likely to participate in online gaming, online dating, or online subcultures where abuse is rife.
“These groups might be more likely to participate in online gaming, online dating, or be part of online subcultures where abuse is rife (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2022; Gámez-Guadix et al., 2023).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al., 2023
The Discussion (page not provided) suggests that males’ risk-taking could lead them to use sex or dating apps or violent videogames where they may perpetrate and experience sexual harassment. It does not extend that explanation to young people or LGBTIQ+ people, or discuss online subcultures where abuse is rife. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Association Between Sexting and Different Types of Sexual Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Favilli, M., López-Palanca, I., Fernández‐Felipe, I., & Esparza-Reig, J. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03526-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Constructing Offender Typologies From Judicial Data: A Clustering Analysis of Sextortion Cases
Wang, F., & Pei, W. (2026) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632261434143
“…2025), and while females are more frequently victimized, some studies fi nd males more likely to be both victims and people who perpetrate sextortion (Finkelhor et al., 2024; G´amez-Guadix et al., 2022; Henry & Umbach, 2024; Patchin & Hinduja, 2018, 2020; Wittes et al., 2016b; Wolak et al., 2018).”
InfluentialForms, Effects and Responses of Online Sexual Harassment
陈, 婷. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.133220
Victimization of minors in online sexual abuse: a review of international studies
Медведева, А. С. (2025) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2025140204
Descriptor: Online Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Brazilian Adolescents Dataset (OSAEBA)
Barreto, Á. P. D. M., Moura, C. S. D., Cunha, M. J. S., Mannan, H., D’Ângelo, M. F. S. V., Oliveira, G. G. R. D., Júnior, N. G. C., & Libório, M. P. (2025) · IEEE data descriptions. · doi:10.1109/ieeedata.2025.3599814
Brahim, F. B., Cruz, G. V., Courtois, R., & Khazaal, Y. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/75485
Durán-Guerrero, E., Sánchez, V., & Muñoz‐Fernández, N. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108889
From traits to triggers: Modeling the “perfect storm” of sexual violence perpetration risk
Oesterle, D. W., Christie, N., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2026) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2026.102275
Ferreirós, L. S., Castro, Y. R., Román, R. M., & Fernández, M. L. (2026) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-026-00281-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identity manipulation in online grooming: Gendered strategies among male suspects
Hermoso, J. S., & Soldino, V. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109056
Zhang, J., Wu, Y., & Shi, X. (2026) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2678903
Luo, W., Shi, Y., Li, T., Hu, J., & Chen, X. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27910-3
Development and validation of the technology-facilitated sexual violence myth acceptance scale
Gray, K., Aranda, M., Domínguez-Lara, S., & Sánchez‐Villena, A. R. (2026) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.662361
Sexting, unwanted online sexual solicitation, and internet-related anxiety among Slovak youth
Gerec, F., Vallova, J., Hasajová, L., Krásna, S., & Štefáková, L. (2026) · Kontakt · doi:10.32725/kont.2026.039
Young Australians and Online Dating: Exploring Risk Awareness and Self-Protection Strategies
Chen, C.-W., Connell, N. M., & Staines, Z. (2026) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2026.2693137
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Online Sexual Victimization and Pornography Consumption Among College Students
Llano-Abasolo, U., Jaureguizar, J., Piñeiro, I. B., & Santamaría, M. D. (2026) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth6040140
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Normand-Pascual, E., Testa, G., Pérez-García, J. M., Montiel, I., González‐Cabrera, J. M., Pereda, N., Villena‐Moya, A., Actis, C. C., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Potenza, M. N., et al. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01427-1
Deconstructing bystander responsibility for sexual violence in the digital age
McAlinden, A., Killean, R., & Dowds, E. (2026) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/09646639261496310
Gundogan, N., & Güney, S. A. (2026) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1177/02109395261497658
- Authors
- Gámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J.
- Venue
- Sexuality Research and Social Policy
- Published
- 2022-12-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1000-1012
- ISSN
- 1553-6610 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-9884
- OpenAlex
- W4311937195
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 13.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sexuality Research and Social Policy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (RTI2018-101167-B-I00)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- technology-facilitated sexual violence, sexual harassment, image-based sexual abuse, sextortion, revenge porn, gender-based harassment, adolescents, gender differences, victimization and perpetration, school-based prevention
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