The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Digital support for student engagement in blended learning based on self-determination theory
Open accessAbstract
Student engagement in a blended learning environment is very different from that in a traditional classroom environment, and is fostered by satisfying three innate needs identified in self-determination theory (SDT): autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Related studies have emphasized teacher support to satisfy the three students’ need, but not digital support. The founders of SDT recently stated that SDT-based research should focus on problems associated with learning technologies. Accordingly, this study proposed digital support designs to fulfill the three abovementioned needs, examined their effectiveness, and investigated how the developed forms of digital support and teacher support contributed to student engagement. The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design and involved 426 Grade 11 students. The findings were as follows. (i) Compared with teacher support, digital support better engaged students in blended learning by satisfying their needs. (ii) Teacher support was closely related to student engagement. (iii) The relationship between digital support and student engagement varied. Possible explanations are the benefits of offering multiple modalities, considering learning expertise, and applying emotional designs. The findings contribute to SDT by adding a new perspective, namely digital support, and thereby proposing a new framework for needs support in blended learning.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These could support the student's need for autonomy (Chiu, 2021(Chiu, , 2022)); that is, using the two GenAI applications in teaching and learning generally satisfies this need.”
From The impact of Generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies and research direction in education: a case of ChatGPT and Midjourney (2024) · cites this paper as Chiu, 2021(Chiu, , 2022)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074001059 · Cited by 12,581 · cited 3×
“Emotional engagement comprises students’ affective reactions to their classmates, teachers, learning activities, and school, especially discrete emotions such as happiness, excitement, boredom, and anxiety (Fredricks et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMayer, R. E. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811678 · Cited by 7,800
Mayer, R. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781316941355 · Cited by 7,777
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 · Cited by 6,037
Handbook of Research on Student Engagement
(2012) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7 · Cited by 3,050
Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance.
Furrer, C. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.148 · Cited by 2,730
Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654311421793 · Cited by 2,370
Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming
Byrne, B. M. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203807644 · Cited by 2,063
Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic?
Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012840 · Cited by 2,037
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 394
Tang, M., Jia, K., He, H., Wang, C., Zou, B., & Du, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70204 · Cited by 2
ZHANG, Z., & Liu, T. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70217 · Cited by 2
Li, H., & Derakhshan, A. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04884-w · Cited by 2
Babulak, E. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97987 · Cited by 2
Chan, K. L., Kam, R., & Wong, M. S. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102071 · Cited by 2
Fahira, A., & Zulfiana, U. (2022) · Cognicia · doi:10.22219/cognicia.v10i1.20078 · Cited by 5
Mariati, N. K. S., Artini, L. P., & Marsakawati, N. P. E. (2022) · IDEAS Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning Linguistics and Literature · doi:10.24256/ideas.v10i2.3034 · Cited by 2
Alzaabi, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v18i17.35633 · Cited by 2
The Success of Archery Training in the New Normal Era
Arisman, A., Yusmawati, Y., Dlis, F., Putra, D. D., Okilanda, A., & Mortejo, A. L. (2024) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2024.120114 · Cited by 2
Susanto, A., Oktavia, Y., Kumalasari, T., & Silitonga, F. (2024) · International journal of education · doi:10.17509/ije.v17i1.60103 · Cited by 1
Verbal engagement strategies in Iranian Teachers’ talk: Instagram teaching context
Weisi, H., & Zandi, M. (2024) · Language Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1515/cercles-2023-0009 · Cited by 2
Using Self-determination Theory to Design User Interfaces for Instructor Dashboards
Morales, A. S., & Baran, E. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61672-3_6 · Cited by 3
Promoting Accessibility and Personalizing Learning Experiences Through AI
Elshazly, E. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5538-1.ch005 · Cited by 3
Ruíz-Lázaro, J., Jiménez-García, E., & Domínguez, M. H. (2025) · Campus Virtuales · doi:10.54988/cv.2025.1.1318 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Hybrid Learning Models and Digital Literacy on Student Engagement and Performance
Harry, B. (2025) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8709-2.ch005 · Cited by 2
Dikilitaş, K., & Rambla, X. (2022) · University of Stavanger eBooks · doi:10.31265/usps.257 · Cited by 2
Volkova, N., Poyasok, T. B., Symonenko, S. V., Yermak, Y. I., Varina, H. B., & Rackovych, A. (2022) · Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação · doi:10.20952/revtee.v15i34.17232 · Cited by 2
Reconstruction of Language Learning in Universities in the Post Covid-19
Ilyas, M. (2022) · Script Journal Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching · doi:10.24903/sj.v6i2.1083 · Cited by 3
Sugrah, N., Suyanta, S., & Wiyarsi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.3.1831 · Cited by 3
The relationship between student engagement and their perception of success in online learning
Krismiyati, K., & Yulia, H. (2022) · Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan · doi:10.21831/jptk.v29i1.53966 · Cited by 4
Mathematical self-determination theoryPreprint
Ünlü, A. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jz76k · Cited by 3
خميس, م. ع., صوفي, ش. ي., العشيري, إ. ع., & عوض, ا. أ. ع. (2023) · تکنولوجيا التعليم سلسلة دراسات وبحوث · doi:10.21608/tesr.2023.307888 · Cited by 1
Factors influencing undergraduate students’ engagement in online learning: a PLS-SEM approach
Abdullah, M. N. L. Y., Hsien, O. L., Nagaratnam, S., & Leong, H. J. (2024) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2024.2348997 · Cited by 2
Zhang, H., Gao, M., & Xu, X. (2024) · International Conference on Education and Multimedia Technology (ICEMT) · doi:10.1145/3678726.3678747 · Cited by 1
Chen, S., Huang, P., Deng, S., Xie, Y., Liu, P., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · International Symposium on Educational Technology · doi:10.1109/iset61814.2024.00097 · Cited by 1
Motivational Needs Satisfaction and Universal Design for Learning
Rosa, N. M., Raftery‐Helmer, J. N., Frazier, K. E., Sullivan, C. J., & Baraklilis, E. (2025) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283251323607 · Cited by 2
Mathur, M., & Dugan, M. T. (2025) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2025.2478018 · Cited by 1
Yan, R., & Hu, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1571926 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence in Retail
Banerjee, S., & Pandit, A. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0209-6.ch004 · Cited by 1
Trihantoyo, S., Supriyanto, A. S., Khamidi, A., Ghani, M. F. B. A., & Sholeh, M. (2024) · Journal of Education Technology · doi:10.23887/jet.v8i4.87100 · Cited by 2
Wolgast, A., & Bieletzke, S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research · doi:10.12973/ejper.8.2.69 · Cited by 1
Lu, K., Ji, T., Feng, L., & Shadiev, R. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10533-7 · Cited by 4
Cao, C., Li, Y., Zhao, L., & Li, Y. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124256 · Cited by 6
Examining the least preferred topics among advanced placement calculus students
Machisi, E., Kurudirek, A., & Veith, J. M. (2025) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/17075 · Cited by 1
Qin, Y., Lu, G., & Ba, S. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13826-9 · Cited by 1
A model for improving undergraduate accounting students’ engagement in research
Ogundana, O. M., Adegbite, E. A., Egbe, C. L., Umoru, U., & Hossain, T. (2025) · Accounting Education · doi:10.1080/09639284.2025.2579669 · Cited by 1
Mind the Gap: The Realities of Students’ Engagement With Online Learning Resources
Glushenkova, M., Lu, C., & Mikhaylov, Y. (2025) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874251385804 · Cited by 1
Guo, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2025.2552930 · Cited by 1
Cahya, R., & Anggaryani, M. (2025) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3132/1/012002 · Cited by 1
Integrating Local Culture into Middle School Chemistry Education: A Lesson on Well Salt Production
Chen, B. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00459 · Cited by 2
Tang, H., & Shen, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1759026 · Cited by 5
Karim, D. N., & Asaduzzaman, M. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102444 · Cited by 1
Wang, X., Hui, L., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2628246 · Cited by 1
Turki, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1727497 · Cited by 2
Profiles of need frustration in online learning: the links to motivation and attentional control
Diržytė, A., Perminas, A., Patapas, A., Sederevičiūtė-Pačiauskienė, Ž., & Šliogerienė, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1756261 · Cited by 1
Song, R., Alias, A. B., & Jamaludin, K. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1760298 · Cited by 1
Yue, X., Hou, X., Zhang, J., & Li, M. (2026) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2026.105479 · Cited by 1
Ma, Y. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70596 · Cited by 1
Munjeyi, E., & Tadu, R. (2025) · Africa Education Review · doi:10.1080/18146627.2025.2602643 · Cited by 1
Wang, L., de Vetten, A., van der Rijst, R. M., & Admiraal, W. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14027-8 · Cited by 3
Costa, L. F. C., Barbosa, C. E., Lima, Y., do Nascimento, L., Galeno, L., Santos, A. M., Xexeo, G. B., & de Souza, J. M. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/rbie.2026.5008 · Cited by 1
Jou, M., & Wang, J. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2679054 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Student Engagement with Digital Badges: A Mock Micro-Credentialing Approach
Bartha, G. B., & Kele, J. J. (2026) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.1080/0047231x.2026.2685833 · Cited by 1
Yorgancı, S. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70283 · Cited by 4
Ping, X., & Zhi, Y. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70769 · Cited by 3
Zhang, W., & Hu, J. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2698253 · Cited by 2
韩平, Wu, Y., & Cai, L. (2026) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2026.2705452 · Cited by 1
Xue-qing, W., & Li, R. F. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2704917 · Cited by 1
Weili, H. (2021) · Noble International Journal of Social Sciences Research · doi:10.51550/nijssr.65.61.70 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Linguistics and Vietnamese Language Teaching
Hoang, P. N. (2021) · Noble International Journal of Social Sciences Research · doi:10.51550/nijssr.65.56.60 · Cited by 1
Education, ICT, Teleconferencing, Networking and E-Learning
Mateko, F. M., & Chingwanangwana, B. (2023) · Digital Policy Studies · doi:10.36615/dps.v1i2.2275 · Cited by 2
Lūka, I. (2022) · International Journal of Research in E-learning · doi:10.31261/ijrel.2022.8.2.03 · Cited by 1
Kholiq, A., Fihris, F., Permata, K. I., & Apriliana, E. N. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0153024 · Cited by 1
A Case Study of Secondary Science Teachers in Utilizing Online Tools in Blended Modality
Ramos, D. C., & Taghap, R. S. (2023) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Business and Education Research · doi:10.11594/ijmaber.04.11.28 · Cited by 1
E-Portfolio for Distance Learning in Elementary School
Suprayekti (2023) · JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.21009/jtp.v25i3.38870 · Cited by 1
Didactic Opportunities of Applying Blended Learning Technology in Higher Education
Alipichev, A. Y., NAZAROVA, L. I., & Chistova, Y. (2024) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2314-4.ch006 · Cited by 1
Ong, A. K. S., Chu, T. S., & German, J. D. (2024) · International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education · doi:10.1177/03064190241255468 · Cited by 1
Optimizing Online Learning for Generation Alpha: Insight from Elementary Students in Malaysia
Yong, K. L., Zaid, N. M., & Tasir, Z. (2024) · Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal · doi:10.11113/itlj.v8.143 · Cited by 1
STREAMing Technology and Tradition With BMI (Blended-Mode Instruction)
Guan, X., Hou, H., Wang, Z., Lu, P., Ng, K. T., Intaratat, K., Qiao, P., Jin, J., Qiao, S., Yang, M., et al. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8217-2.ch007 · Cited by 1
Wehrhahn, F., Gaschler, R., & Zhao, F. (2024) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/14757257241276078 · Cited by 2
Development of Technological Learning Media to Increase Students' Civic Knowledge
Purnama, M. R., Adha, M. M., Perdana, R., & Maulina, D. (2024) · IJORER International Journal of Recent Educational Research · doi:10.46245/ijorer.v5i5.670 · Cited by 1
Roszik, D. (2024) · Módszertani Közlemények · doi:10.14232/modszertani.2024.1.23-34 · Cited by 1
Shou, M., & Xu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2025.1539326 · Cited by 1
Komari, Paranoan, E., Sumedi, R. F., Hanum, U. L., Susanto, H. W., & Trince, M. (2024) · Journal of Education Research and Evaluation · doi:10.23887/jere.v8i4.83106 · Cited by 11
Digital Technology Use in High School Classes
Majdoub, M., Heilporn, G., & Diab, F. (2025) · The Open/Technology in Education Society and Scholarship Association Journal · doi:10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.75 · Cited by 2
Ismailov, M., & Yamamoto, Y. (2021) · ICERI proceedings · doi:10.21125/iceri.2021.0839 · Cited by 1
Dampson, D. G., Mahama, I., Antwi-Danso, S., Eshun, P. A., & Addai-Mununkum, R. (2021) · Noble International Journal of Social Sciences Research · doi:10.51550/nijssr.65.71.85 · Cited by 2
Factors Affecting Students’ Readiness for Flipped Learning: An Innovative Approach
Alenezi, A. R. (2022) · Scientific Journal of King Faisal University Humanities and Management Sciences · doi:10.37575/h/edu/220006 · Cited by 1
Fostering Student STEM Interest and Identity Using Self-determination TheoryPreprint
Chiu, T. K. F. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1504429/v1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationJemadi, F. (2021) · International Conference on Humanities, Education, Language and Culture (ICHELAC) · doi:10.4108/eai.30-7-2021.2313600
Investigating the contextual influences shaping recycling behaviours
Ng, A. S. (2021) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/155187
Digital Transformation of the Learning Process - Students' Attitudes about Online Teaching
Raković, L., Milutinović, L. Đ., Marić, S., Sakal, M., & Kapo, A. (2022) · International Scientific Conference Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management (SM) · doi:10.46541/978-86-7233-406-7_231
Agustin, A. M. A. F., & Khaerudin, K. (2022) · Jurnal Bimas Islam · doi:10.37302/jbi.v15i1.549
THE EFFECT OF COMBINING GOOGLE CLASSROOM AND WHATSAPP ON STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN ENGLISH CLASS
Anjarwati, R., & Sa'adah, L. (2022) · E-Link Journal · doi:10.30736/ej.v9i2.666
Creating Expert Learners in Remote Classrooms
Owiny, R. L., Walker, J. D., Boothe, K. A., & Lohmann, M. J. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5503-6.ch005
The Implementation and Impact of a Self-Regulated Learning Survey on Student Outcomes
Baughman, M., Gatti, G., & Boden, K. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6500-4.ch005
Implementation of blended learning model in mathematics subject
Azimmah, A. N., & Murtiyasa, B. (2022) · Al-Jabar Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika · doi:10.24042/ajpm.v13i2.13943
Mitrea, G. (2023) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/14.2/449
A Critical Analysis of Research in School Education through Social-Psychological Theories
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., & Ahrari, S. (2023) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8837-9.ch001
Noh, N. M., Jamil, M. R. M., Said, S., & Fasiah, E. E. M. (2023) · Jurnal Penyelidikan TEMPAWAN · doi:10.61374/temp07.23
Digital Inclusion in School Education in India: Key Issues and Challenges
Sen, S. (2023) · New frontiers in regional science: Asian perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3696-0_11
دراسة وجهات نظر طلاب اللغة الإنجليزية السعوديين حول دعم معلميهم للتعلم الذاتي عن بعد
علي, ج. ق. م., حازم, ط. أ., & الحليم, م. ع. (2023) · حوليات أداب عين شمس · doi:10.21608/aafu.2023.323279
التعلم الرشيق وعلاقته بعادات العقل و الاستغراق المستدام في التعلم الالكتروني
عیسى, إ. خ. (2023) · مجلة کلیة التربیة فى العلوم النفسیة · doi:10.21608/jfeps.2023.324752
Tathwir Maddah al-Imla’ ‘ala Asas Namudzaj al-Ta’allum al-Madmaj li Thalabah Jami’ah
Pimada, L. H., & Rasyidi, A. W. (2023) · ARABIYATUNA Jurnal Bahasa Arab · doi:10.29240/jba.v7i2.7092
Rehman, M., Noor, H., Nazir, M. I., & Waqar, M. (2022) · Journal of Education and Social Studies · doi:10.52223/jess.20223313
Sixia, L., & MUSTAPHA, S. M. (2024) · Higher Education and Oriental Studies · doi:10.54435/heos.v4i1.111 · Cited by 4
Munjeyi, E., & Tadu, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106921/v1
Psychological Students’ Perceptions on Blended Learning
Hidayati, I., Deri, P. S., Handayani, R., Rahman, A., & Susanti, M. (2024) · International Conference on Psychology and Health Issues (ICoPHI) · doi:10.4108/eai.4-11-2023.2344665
Jiang, L. (2024) · International Conference on Internet Technology and Educational Informatization (ITEI) · doi:10.4108/eai.24-11-2023.2343630
Public Health, Public Health Education, and their Future Prospects
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4776-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Chiu, T. K. F.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Chiu, Thomas K.F.
- ORCID
- Chiu, Thomas K.F.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 124
- Pages
- 106909
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3171536220
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 89.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- student engagement, blended learning, self-determination theory, digital support, teacher support, autonomy, relatedness, competence, emotional design, educational technology, high school students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review