Fire on the ground: Wildfires impacts on soil health and biodiversity – A review
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of fire events is of great concern, as these events promote intense changes in soil environments, altering their physico-chemical composition and severely damaging organisms through a wide range of effects. Therefore, this review aimed to understand the different types of effects promoted by fire events on the soil and its organisms. Bibliographic searches were performed on different platforms, which returned a total of 109 investigations, which were grouped into different thematic axes. Fires promote extensive changes in soil composition, including by decreasing nutrient concentrations. In addition, an increase in toxic substances, such as PAHs, heavy metals and contaminants resulting from water used to control fires, was identified. Few studies have been carried out with the aim of understanding the ecotoxicological effects of contaminants generated by fires, with the majority of studies involving leachate, observing mainly acute mortality effects. Most of the studies found focused on understanding changes at the ecological level, with a special focus on microorganisms and animals, with few studies on plants. This review highlights the urgent need for ecotoxicological studies on the effects of fire-derived contaminants, particularly on soil organisms. There is also a pressing need for more ecological studies that adopt an integrated approach, incorporating multiple soil-dwelling species from different taxonomic groups to better reflect the complexity of natural ecosystems.
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Wildfires generate large quantities of ash that may persist as a stressor in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
“Beyond their immediate ecological impacts [4], wildfires generate large quantities of ash that may persist as a stressor in terrestrial [5] and aquatic ecosystems [6,7].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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Pereira‐Silva, P. B., Pacheco, D. R., Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., Santos, S., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70178
- Authors
- Sousa-Lima, L. V., Saggioro, E. M., Dorneles, P. R., & Parente, C. E. T.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Parente, Cláudio E.T.
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-10
- Volume
- 388
- Pages
- 144686
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4414168275
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of Rio de Janeiro State (E-21/201.271/2021)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (304571/2021-0)
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (409504/2024-6, 303248/2024-6, 303074/2025-6)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones
- Keywords
- forest fires, soil health, soil biodiversity, soil organisms, soil nutrient depletion, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, ecotoxicology, soil leachate, soil microbes, soil fauna
- MeSH terms
- Wildfires, Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Ecosystem, Metals, Heavy, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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