Toxicity assessment of aqueous extracts of ash from forest fires

Silva, Vera; Pereira, Joana Luísa; Campos, Isabel; Keizer, Jan Jacob; Gonçalves, Fernando; Abrantes, Nelson

doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.06.021

Cited by 101Environmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFire effects on ecosystems

Toxicity assessment of aqueous extracts of ash from forest fires

Silva, Vera, Pereira, Joana Luísa, Campos, Isabel, Keizer, Jan Jacob, Gonçalves, Fernando, Abrantes, Nelson·2015·CATENA

DOI 10.1016/j.catena.2014.06.021

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Fire mobilized metals can also impact aquatic organisms, with potentially lethal and sub-lethal effects including the bioaccumulation of metals in tissue and decreased mobility.
“Fire mobilized metals can also impact aquatic organisms, with potentially lethal and sub-lethal effects including the bioaccumulation of metals in tissue and decreased mobility (Silva et al., 2015, 2016).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2015
Toxicological tests have found that ash (i.e., AEA) can inhibit bacterial growth and that wildfire residues reduce the persistence of some bacteria, including, E. coli.
“Moreover, toxicological tests have found that ash (i.e., AEA) can inhibit bacterial growth (Silva et al., 2015) and that wildfire residues reduce the persistence of some bacteria, including, E. coli (Valenca et al., 2020).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2015
The chemical composition of the ash evaluated here shares key elements with ash derived from burned Pinus and Eucalyptus biomass, including elevated metal concentrations and detectable levels of PAHs.
“The chemical composition of the ash evaluated here shares key elements with ash derived from burned Pinus and Eucalyptus biomass [66][67][68], including elevated metal concentrations and detectable levels of PAHs.”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [68]
Macroparticles were consistently associated with higher immobility across concentrations, supporting a physical contribution to toxicity.
“Macroparticles were consistently associated with higher immobility across concentrations [17,68], supporting a physical contribution to toxicity, potentially through mechanical interference or increased ingestion of suspended material.”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [68]
The mean As concentration in this study (3,541 μg kg-1) was within the range reported in previous studies (1,040-42,000 μg kg-1 ash).
“the mean concentration in our study (3,541 µg kg -1 ; Table 3) was within the range reported in previous studies (1,040 -42,000 µg kg -1 ash; e.g., Caumo et al., 2022;Silva et al., 2015; Table 1).”
From Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications (2023) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2015

Highly variable impacts of ash contamination on freshwater biota have been reported between different ecosystems, types of ash, fires and species.
“Highly variable impacts of ash contamination on freshwater biota have been reported between different ecosystems, types of ash, fires and species (Smith et al. 2011;Silva et al. 2015;Oliveira-Filho et al. 2018).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
Campos et al. (2012) and Silva et al. (2015) found no significant impact of eucalypt ash on Daphnia magna reproduction or immobilisation over chronic (21 day) and acute (48 h) exposures respectively.
“Campos et al. (2012) and Silva et al. (2015), for example, found no significant impact of eucalypt ash on the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna reproduction or immobilisation rates over a chronic (21 day) and acute (48 h) exposures respectively.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
The majority of general studies into the effects of wildfire on water quality have focused on runoff amounts and nutrient levels, and only more recently has increased research attention been given to pyrolytic substances, chemical elements and biological reactivity.
“The majority of the general studies into the effects of wildfire on water quality have focused on runoff amounts and nutrient levels and only more recently has increased research attention been given to pyrolytic substances, chemical elements and biological reactivity (Shakesby and Doerr 2006;Campos et al. 2012;Silva et al. 2015).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
In those studies, toxicity was observed on Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lemna minor.
“Toxicity was, however, observed on several lower trophic level species in these studies, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the macrophyte Lemna minor.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
Oxides and hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Si and P particularly tend to be abundant in wildfire ash, as found in the ash tested here.
“In general, oxides and hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Si and P particularly tend to be abundant in wildfire ash (Pereira and U ´beda 2010;Silva et al. 2015) as found in the ash tested here (Supplementary material Table S1).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
Unlike Silva et al. (2015), where the principal potential toxic components of their eucalypt ash were Mn and Zn, neither Mn nor Zn were found in the eucalypt (AUS) ash analysed here.
“Unlike reported by Silva et al. (2015), where the principal potential toxic components of their eucalypt ash were Mn and Zn, neither of these elements were found in the eucalypt (AUS) ash analysed here.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
Extreme values of pH and EC have a detrimental impact on zooplankton species.
“It is well established that extreme values of pH and EC have a detrimental impact on zooplankton species (Mount et al. 1997;Franklin et al. 2000;Silva et al. 2015).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
The lowest PAH concentration, found in the AUS ash type (Σ16 EPA PAHs: 1155 ng g−1 ash), was comparable with those found by Silva et al. (2015) in a predominantly eucalypt ecosystem in Portugal (Σ16 EPA PAHs: 1100 ng g−1 ash).
“found in the AUS ash type ( P 16 EPA PAHs: 1155 ng g À1 ash), was of a comparable level with those found by Silva et al. (2015) assessing dry wildfire ash in a predominantly eucalypt ecosystem in Portugal ( P 16 EPA PAHs: 1100 ng g À1 ash).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015
Ash type and composition seem crucial to the level of toxicity on cladoceran species.
“Ash type and composition, therefore, seem crucial to the level of toxicity on cladoceran species, as also demonstrated previously (Campos et al. 2012;Silva et al. 2015;Brito et al. 2017).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al. 2015

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Authors: Silva, V., Pereira, J. L., Campos, I., Keizer, J. J., Gonçalves, F., & Abrantes, N.
Affiliations: Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (PT)
ORCID: Silva, Vera
Pereira, Joana Luísa
Campos, Isabel
Keizer, Jan Jacob
Gonçalves, Fernando
Venue: CATENA
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-12
Volume: 135
Pages: 401-408
ISSN: 0341-8162 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2014.06.021
OpenAlex: W2051272574
Cited by: 101
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 3.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: CATENA (publishedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (SFRH/BPD/84833/2012, SFRH/BPD/44733/2008)
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE) (PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013)
FIRETOX (PTDC/AAG-GLO/4176/2012)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Keywords: wildfire ash, aquatic toxicity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water quality, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna immobilization, trophic levels

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Toxicity assessment of aqueous extracts of ash from forest fires

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