The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Extraction and clean-up strategies for the analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in environmental and human matrices
Abstract
The rapidly expanding field of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) research has resulted in a wide range of analytical methodologies to determine the human and environmental exposure to PFASs. This paper reviews the currently applied techniques for sample pre-treatment, extraction and clean-up for the analysis of ionic and non-ionic PFASs in human and environmental matrices. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is the method of choice for liquid samples (e.g. water, blood, serum, plasma), and may be automated in an on-line set-up for (large volume) sample enrichment and sample clean-up. Prior to SPE, sample pre-treatment (filtration or centrifugation for water or protein precipitation for blood) may be required. Liquid-liquid extraction can also be used for liquid samples (and does not require above mentioned sample pretreatment). Solid-liquid extraction is the commonly applied method for solid matrices (biota, sludge, soil, sediment), but automation options are limited due to contamination from polytetrafluorethylene tubings and parts applied in extraction equipment. Air is generally preconcentrated on XAD-resins sandwiched between polyurethane foam plugs. Clean-up of crude extracts is essential for destruction and removal of lipids and other co-extractives that may interfere in the instrumental determination. SPE, (fluorous) silica column chromatography, dispersive graphitized carbon and destructive methods such as sulphuric acid or KOH treatment can be applied for clean-up of extracts. Care should be taken to avoid contamination (e.g. from sample bottles, filters, equipment) and losses of PFASs (e.g. adsorption, volatilization) during sampling, extraction and clean-up. Storage at -20 degrees C is generally appropriate for conservation of samples.
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“Since biological samples consist of complex matrices, development of efficient extraction and clean-up methods has attracted more attention than for other sample types [6,7,9].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., & van Leeuwen, S. P. (2011) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.258 · Cited by 4,641
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Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate
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Metadata
- Authors
- van Leeuwen, S. P. J., & de Boer, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 1153
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 172-185
- ISSN
- 0021-9673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968617420
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Chromatography A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, sample cleanup, solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction, sample preparation, human exposure, environmental exposure, lipid removal, silica gel column chromatography, sample contamination, sample storage
- MeSH terms
- Body Fluids, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Sewage, Specimen Handling, Analytic Sample Preparation Methods
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