Degradation of Fluorotelomer Alcohols: A Likely Atmospheric Source of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids
Abstract
Human and animal tissues collected in urban and remote global locations contain persistent and bioaccumulative perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The source of PFCAs was previously unknown. Here we present smog chamber studies that indicate fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) can degrade in the atmosphere to yield a homologous series of PFCAs. Atmospheric degradation of FTOHs is likely to contribute to the widespread dissemination of PFCAs. After their bioaccumulation potential is accounted for, the pattern of PFCAs yielded from FTOHs could account for the distinct contamination profile of PFCAs observed in arctic animals. Furthermore, polar bear liver was shown to contain predominately linear isomers (>99%) of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), while both branched and linear isomers were observed for perfluorooctanoic acid, strongly suggesting a sole input of PFNA from "telomer"-based products. The significance of the gas-phase peroxy radical cross reactions that produce PFCAs has not been recognized previously. Such reactions are expected to occur during the atmospheric degradation of all polyfluorinated materials, necessitating a reexamination of the environmental fate and impact of this important class of industrial chemicals.
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Environmental transformation of fluorotelomer-based precursors prevalent in urban settings preferentially yields PFCAs rather than PFSAs.
“Also, the environmental transformation of fluorotelomer-based precursors prevalent in urban settings preferentially yields PFCAs rather than PFSAs [51].”
Once oxidized, volatile PFAS precursors contribute to the formation of persistent PFAAs, which act as secondary sources of PFAS deposition.
“Once oxidized, these precursors contribute to the formation of persistent PFAAs, which act as secondary sources of PFAS deposition [101].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
Atmospheric transport and deposition of (semi)volatile precursors and intensified human activities are additional transport pathways for certain PFAAs into remote regions.
“Furthermore, atmospheric transport and deposition of (semi)volatile precursors21−23 and intensified human activities (e.g., in polar regions24) are additional transport pathways for certain PFAAs into remote regions.”
From A Never-Ending Story of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)? (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
PFCAs are detected at low concentrations in the ambient atmosphere, where they may be directly emitted and/or formed indirectly by atmospheric oxidation of semivolatile PFCA-precursors such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs).
“PFCAs are also detected at low concentrations in the ambient atmosphere, where they may be directly emitted [20], and/or formed indirectly by atmospheric oxidation of semivolatile PFCA-precursors such as the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) [21].”
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- Authors
- Ellis, D. A., Martin, J. W., De Silva, A. O., Mabury, S. A., Hurley, M. D., Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., & Wallington, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, Ford Motor Company, SRL 3083, P.O. Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author
- Mabury, Scott A.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-05-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3316-3321
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2002378618
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 27.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- fluorotelomer alcohols, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, atmospheric degradation, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, bioaccumulation, smog chamber experiments
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Animals, Atmosphere, Ursidae, Carboxylic Acids, Fluorocarbons, Isomerism, Liver, Smog, Tissue Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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