Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop for extraction of organochlorine pesticides in water samples
Abstract
A new simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method has been developed for the extraction and analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water samples. The method is based on the solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) and is combined with gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Very little solvent is required in this method. The disperser solvent (200microL acetonitrile) containing 10microL hexadecane (HEX) is rapidly injected by a syringe into the 5.0mL water sample. After centrifugation, the fine HEX droplets (6+/-0.5microL) float at the top of the screw-cap test tube. The test tube is then cooled in an ice bath. After 5min, the HEX solvent solidifies and is then transferred into a conical vial, where it melts quickly at room temperature, and 1microL of it is injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries are high and range between 37-872 and 82.9-102.5%, respectively. The linear range is wide (0.025-20microgL(-1)), and the limits of detection are between 0.011 and 0.11microgL(-1) for most of the analytes. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 1microgL(-1) of OCPs in water was in the range of 5.8-8.8%. The performance of the method was gauged by analyzing samples of lake and tap water.
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In further research, the DLLME-SFO-GC-ECD method was used for the extraction and determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residue in water samples (tap waters and lake waters).
“In a further research, DLLME-SFO-GC-ECD method was used for the extraction and determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residue in water samples (tap waters and lake waters) [23] .”
From Developments in Liquid-phase Microextraction Method Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drop (2010) · cites this paper as [23]
Long-term exposure to organochlorine pesticides may trigger endocrine disruptions, neurotoxicity, cancer and other adverse health effects.
“Longterm exposure to OCPs may trigger endocrine disruptions, neurotoxicity, cancer and other adverse health e ff ects [6]”
The peak areas of analytes decreased with increasing volume of the extraction solvent (1-undecanol) from 40 to 100 μL.
“As Fig. 2 shown, the peak areas of analytes decreased with the increasing volume of the extraction solvent (1-undecanol) from 40 to 100 μ L due to the dilution e ff ect [6].”
Leong et al. developed a DLLME-SFO technique for the determination of six organochlorine pesticides in waters, with enrichment factors of 37-872.
“Another application was the work of Leong et al. [8], who developed a technique based on solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) for the determination of six organochlorine pesticides in waters.”
From Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organic analytes (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
A solid floating organic drop can be collected if the solution is sufficiently cooled and the solvent has a low melting point.
“if the solution was sufficiently cooled and the solvent had a low melting point, it was easier to collect a ''solid floating organic drop'' [8-12]”
From Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organic analytes (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
DLLME-SFO takes advantage of low-density solvents with a melting point close to room temperature (10-25 °C).
“The DLLME based on the solidi fi cation of the fl oating organic phase (DLLME-SFO) takes advantage of low-density solvents with a melting point close to room temperature (10 -25 °C) [21,22].”
From Automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of the organic phase (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Leong, M.-I., & Huang, S.-D.
- Affiliations
- National Tsing Hua University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Shang-Da
- Venue
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 1216
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 7645-7650
- ISSN
- 0021-9673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089074277
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 17.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Chromatography A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- National Science Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, solidification of floating organic drop, organochlorine pesticides, water samples, hexadecane, preconcentration, lake water, tap water, electron capture detection
- MeSH terms
- Acetonitriles, Alkanes, Chromatography, Gas, Chemical Fractionation, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated, Pesticides, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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