Capabilities and limitations of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop for the extraction of organic pollutants from water samples
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) is one of the most interesting sample preparation techniques developed in recent years. Although several applications have been reported, the potentiality and limitations of this simple and rapid extraction technique have not been made sufficiently explicit. In this work, the extraction efficiency of DLLME-SFO for pollutants from different chemical families was determined. Studied compounds include: 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 5 pesticides (chlorophenoxy herbicides and DDT), 8 phenols and 6 sulfonamides, thus, covering a large range of polarity and hydrophobicity (LogKow 0-7, overall). After optimization of extraction conditions using 1-dodecanol as extractant, the procedure was applied for extraction of each family from 10-mL spiked water samples, only adjusting sample pH as required. Absolute recoveries for pollutants with LogKow 3-7 were >70% and recovery values within this group (18 compounds) were independent of structure or hydrophobicity; the precision of recovery was very acceptable (RSD<12%) and linear behavior was observed in the studied concentration range (r(2)>0.995). Extraction recoveries for pollutants with LogKow 1.46-2.8 were in the range 13-62%, directly depending on individual LogKow values; however, good linearity (r(2)>0.993) and precision (RSD<6.5%) were also demonstrated for these polar solutes, despite recovery level. DLLME-SFO with 1-dodecanol completely failed for extraction of compounds with LogKow≤1 (sulfa drugs), other more polar extraction solvents (ionic liquids) should be explored for highly hydrophilic pollutants.
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The spherical geometry of the floating droplet decreases the interfacial surface, thus reducing the extraction efficiency.
“However, the spherical geometry of the floating droplet decreases the interfacial surface, thus reducing the extraction efficiency [13].”
Most solvents used in DLLME-SFOD have lower toxicity than those conventionally used in DLLME.
“Most of the solvents that are used in DLLME-SFOD have lower toxicity than the ones that are conventionally used in DLLME [13].”
Despite its undeniable advantages, DLLME-SFOD has significant drawbacks, including the need for at least two organic solvents, the difficulty of automation, and the slowing of the process caused by the freezing step [13,22].
“Despite its undeniable advantages, DLLME-SFOD has significant drawbacks, including the need for at least two organic solvents, the difficulty of automation, and the slowing of the process caused by the freezing step [13,22].”
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- Authors
- Vera-Avila, L. E., Rojo-Portillo, T., Covarrubias-Herrera, R., & Peña-Alvarez, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Corresponding author
- Vera-Avila, Luz E.
- ORCID
- Rojo-Portillo, Tania
- Venue
- Analytica Chimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 805
- Pages
- 60-69
- ISSN
- 0003-2670 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042890400
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Analytica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, solidification of floating organic drop, organic pollutants, water samples, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorophenoxy herbicides, DDT, phenols, sulfonamides, 1-dodecanol, log Kow, extraction efficiency, sample preparation, ionic liquids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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