The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores
Open accessAbstract
Vector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals. This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe. In recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of vector borne diseases among humans and animals has been observed, which may partly due to the development of diagnostic tools. Their study requires exchanges and collaborations between the many actors involved, especially since the epidemiology seems to be constantly evolving. The veterinary practitioner is the first one to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures. He also acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists. Many factors can explain the epidemiological changes, i.e. all human factors, such as the increase in commercial transportation, but also owners traveling with their pet during the holidays, the development of "outdoor" activities, the increase of individual housings with gardens; to these human factors must be added the ignorance of the risks, linked to animals in general and to wildlife in particular; then the environmental changes: forest fragmentation, establishment of parks; the increase of wild mammal populations (deer, carnivores, rodents, etc.); finally, climate changes. Climate change is a reality which may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution. The authors show the proof of the climate modifications and then explain how it has an impact in Europe on ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies and even fleas. They conclude on the practical consequences for veterinary practitioners, especially with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur. However, not any epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often even overriding.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that climate change is a real driver of changing vector-borne disease epidemiology in Europe, affecting ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies, and fleas of domestic carnivores. It concludes that climate change should not be invoked for every epidemiological change because other human and environmental factors are often overriding.
Key findings
- Global warming accelerated over the last hundred years, with an average gain of 0.74°C in 100 years; effects are not uniform and include shorter, less severe winters in Western and Northern Europe.
- For ticks, the climatic zone favorable for *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* reproduction expanded by 669% since the 1960s in Europe, and the species can now survive/develop in Southwest France up to Nantes and Southeast France up to Lyon; *Dermacentor reticulatus* is present in 2/3 of French territory and in Slovakia gained 200 km north since the 1970s and 300 m in altitude.
- For *Ixodes ricinus*, Swiss studies showed altitudinal limits increasing from 620 to 1070 m in some mountain ranges, and Lindgren found in Sweden some areas had 40 fewer days below −12°C and 20 more days above −7°C in winter.
- For mosquitoes and sandflies, *Dirofilaria immitis* development requires temperatures above 14°C and 130 heartworm development units; using 5475 weather stations and 19 million temperature values over 15 years, heartworm disease can now be maintained beyond the Mediterranean, while *Aedes albopictus* is present in about 1/3 of southern French territory up to Lyon. Flea impacts are difficult to assess, though year-round conditions of >25°C and >85% RH in Florida and Queensland may explain continued heavy cat flea infestations.
Methods
- Review/synthesis of published literature, meteorological models, field studies, and ECDC distribution maps; no primary sample or new data collection is described.
- Main analysis is a qualitative synthesis of climate-change impacts on ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies, and fleas, with cited quantitative examples from models and field studies.
- The paper draws on studies including a meteorological model applied to Europe since 1960, field studies on tick activity and distribution, and a heartworm transmission analysis using 5475 weather stations and 19 million temperature values.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors caution that not every epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often overriding, and climate changes are currently still limited with co-existing human-induced factors.
- Stated: for sandflies, it is difficult to distinguish an effect of climate over human actions; for fleas, the impact of climate change is very difficult to assess because the life cycle can occur throughout the year, including indoors.
- Evident: as a review, no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis is reported; conclusions rely on cited models and field studies.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
23 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
In the paper
“A recent study thus shows their role in the maintenance, or even in the increasing risk for humans, of Lyme disease in the Melun-Sénart forest in the suburbs of Paris [8].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of a meteorological model [13] and biological data regarding the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, applied to Europe since 1960, clearly indicates that this tick species, endemic in Mediterranean regions, can now survive and develop in the Southwest of France up to Nantes and in the Southeast of France up to Lyon [14] (Fig. 2).”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The impact of climate change in Europe is most pronounced among ticks and probably their hosts [12].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies conducted in continental Europe have shown that shorter winters have a direct impact on the ecology of ticks.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, by observing the activity of the three main tick vectors encountered in Europe over relatively short periods of time, changes are noted.They are all associated with an increase in activity and thus in the risk of transmitting pathogenic agents.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using larva, nymph and adult ticks identified and put in plots in forest, he demonstrated that they maintained their activity of questing for hosts during the entire winter period when they were dormant in the previous years.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, heartworm disease is more commonly diagnosed in the Balkans, South of Hungary and also South of Russia.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 4. Impact of climate change on mosquitoes and sandflies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change may be reflected by an increase in the number of days of activity per year.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 4. Impact of climate change on mosquitoes and sandflies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, the climatic zone favorable for their reproduction has expanded by 669% since the 1960s in Europe [14].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Swiss team of Lise Gern showed that same impact of increased winter temperatures on the distribution of ticks in the Alps around Neuchâtel, and especially the extension of the area of presence in altitude, with limits increasing from 620 to 1070 m in some mountain ranges [22].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
In the paper
“Vector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals.This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“They are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals.This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe [1].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Their interest and importance are increased by the fact that most vector-borne diseases, including bacterial and viral, are zoonotic diseases [2].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Global warming has accelerated over the last hundred years (Fig. 1) with an average gain of 0.74 • C in 100 years [11].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 2. Evidence of climate change
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The development of the diagnostic tools and the easiness to have access to them may also play a role in the increased diagnosed of vector borne diseases.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change is a reality which may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“Climate change may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Especially in recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases among humans and animals has been observed in the Unites States and in Europe [3,4].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many factors help to explain the epidemiological changes, they were summarized in 2005 by Harrus and Baneth [7]:”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes can have a direct impact on the survival and development of arthropod vectors, which today is well demonstrated among ticks but also in some mosquitoes.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 2. Evidence of climate change
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The veterinary practitioner is the first one to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures.He also acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists [6].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“especially since the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases seems to be constantly evolving [5].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Climate changes are no longer being debated, only the mechanisms responsible for them are a matter of controversy [9,10].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 2. Evidence of climate change
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Slovakia, field studies showed that its limited area of presence had gained 200 km north since the 1970s, as well as 300 m in altitude [19].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mosquito is a competent host for D. immitis, with a rapid development to infective L3.However, it is also a more aggressive and diurnal vector than our autochthonous mosquitoes (Culex spp.).”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 4. Impact of climate change on mosquitoes and sandflies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its presence may accelerate the geographical spread of heartworm disease, which is already the case in Italy, and, thus, could rapidly change the epidemiology of this parasitic disease in the South of France where it is only sporadic at the moment.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 4. Impact of climate change on mosquitoes and sandflies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regarding Ixodes ricinus, the forest tick, the most common among hard ticks in Europe, its presence and density are obviously related to the plant cover, but also to the density of its hosts: micromammals for larvae and nymphs and large mammals (deer, wild boar, foxes and even bovine and dogs) for adult ticks [20].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dermacentor reticulatus, the tick vector of canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis, is present in 2/3 of the French territory [15].It is clearly spreading to the East, favoring milder winters (Fig. 3).”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 3. Impact of climate change on ticks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Climate changes resulting in humidity and optimal temperatures (temperature >25 • C; humidity >85% RH) throughout the year were reported in Florida (USA) and Queensland (Australia) and some authors suggested that this may explain the continued heavy infestations of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), observed by owners and veterinarians these past few years [30].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 5. Impact of climate change on fleas
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should therefore be kept in mind that vector-borne diseases affect all production and companion animals or wildlife, and possibly humans, and that the factors that preside over their emergence or over the epidemiological modifications are often numerous.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consequences on human and animal health have been extensively researched but, from now on, veterinary practice may be more and more concerned, especially with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur, or with more frequent diagnosis.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet, climate change was not the cause in both of these examples of emerging vector-borne diseases.The vectors are indigenous Culicoides midges, competent for exotic pathogenic agents newly introduced through human activities.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The heartworm transmission model assumes a requirement of 130 heartworm development units (HDUs) for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito.
“The seasonal HW transmission model originally formulated by Slocombe et al. (1989) in Canada and reevaluated by Lok and Knight (1998) in the United States assumes a requirement of 130 HDUs for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito (in [24]).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of transmission of pathogenic agents by mosquitoes is linked to vector competence, meteorological conditions enabling the pathogen's extrinsic cycle during vector activity and vectors being active and abundant, and the presence of the pathogen and at least one reservoir.
“The risk of transmission of pathogenic agents by mosquitoes is not linked to their mere presence but to: 1. Vector competence (ability to complete the cycle of the pathogenic agent within the vector, followed by transmission); 2. Meteorological conditions enabling: a.The pathogen to complete its extrinsic cycle during the vector's period of activity; b.The vectors to be active and abundant enough”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Climate is a substantial factor considering the survival and spread of arthropod vectors and subsequently the distribution of CVBDs [9].”
From Prevalence and risk factors for selected canine vector-borne diseases in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 4. Impact of climate change on mosquitoes and sandflies
“The authors then observed climate changes that have occurred in Europe over the past 15 years, on 5475 weather stations and integrated over 19 million temperature values (Fig. 4).”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
“Fig. 4. Distribution of Ixodes ricinus, the forest tick.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
“Fig. 1.Exponential increase of global temperature since 1860 [9].Source: Reservoir Rodents.PLoS ONE; www.plosone.org,2013, 8(1), e55377.”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > References
“8. Marsot M, Chapuis JL, Gasqui P, Dozie A, Masse S, Pisanu B, Ferquel E, Vourc'h G. Introduced Siberian Chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus bar- beri) Contribute More to Lyme Borreliosis Risk than Native Reservoir Rodents. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e55377, www.plosone.org.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > 6. Conclusion
“Source: European Center for Disease Control (www.ecdc.europa.eu),September 2012[28].”
§ Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores > References
“28. Ready P. Canine leishmaniosis. In: Beugnet F, editor. Guide to Vector Borne Diseases of Pets. France: Merial; 2013. p. 252-65 (ISBN 978- 2-915758-40-5).”
Citations
Cites
Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a one health perspective
Dantas-Torres, F., Chomel, B. B., & Otranto, D. (2012) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.003 · Cited by 1,159
Effects of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe
Gray, J., Dautel, H., Estrada‐Peña, A., Kahl, O., & Lindgren, E. (2009) · Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1155/2009/593232 · Cited by 799
Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe
Semenza, J. C., & Menne, B. (2009) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70104-5 · Cited by 679
Lindgren, E., Tälleklint, L., & Polfeldt, T. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108119 · Cited by 558
Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe
Genchi, C., Rinaldi, L., Mortarino, M., Genchi, M., & Cringoli, G. (2009) · Veterinary parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.026 · Cited by 349
Emerging arthropod borne diseases of companion animals in Europe
Beugnet, F., & Marié, J.-L. (2009) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.028 · Cited by 337
Self-citationVector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives
Colwell, D. D., Dantas-Torres, F., & Otranto, D. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012 · Cited by 262
The increasing recognition of rickettsial pathogens in dogs and people
Nicholson, W. L., Allen, K. E., McQuiston, J. H., Breitschwerdt, E. B., & Little, S. E. (2010) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.007 · Cited by 251
Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector borne protozoal and bacterial diseases
Harrus, S., & Baneth, G. (2005) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.005 · Cited by 251
Dirofilarial Infections in Europe
Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., & Rivasi, F. (2011) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0247 · Cited by 214
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Greer, 2008, Climate change and infectious diseases in North America: the road ahead, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178, 715
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Mõttus, M., Mõtsküla, P. F., & Saarma, U. (2026) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x26101709
“Factors such as climate change, urbanisation, habitat alterations, increased pet travel, and animal rehoming have facilitated the spread of these infections within endemic regions and their emergence in previously unaffected areas (Beugnet et al. 2013; Williams et al. 2024; Wright et al. 2020).”
Deak, G., Rabei, Ș., Ionică, A. M., Ionescu, C., Mederle, N. G., Marin, A. M., Popovici, D.-C., & Mihalca, A. D. (2026) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101547
Metadata
- Authors
- Beugnet, F., & Chalvet-Monfray, K.
- Corresponding author
- Beugnet, F.
- ORCID
- Beugnet, F.
- Venue
- Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 559-566
- ISSN
- 0147-9571 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038395162
- Semantic Scholar
- d90810e632cf681df62e2eea42f02b2ff9a9eabe
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- climate change, vector-borne diseases, domestic carnivores, ticks, mosquitoes, sand flies, fleas, arthropod vectors, wildlife reservoirs, domestic animals, veterinary practice, disease surveillance, environmental change, Europe
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Diseases, Animals, Domestic, Carnivora, Communicable Diseases, Disease Vectors, Europe, Siphonaptera, Humans, Culicidae, Psychodidae, Ticks, Climate Change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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