Cited by 561Acne and Rosacea Treatments and EffectsDermatology and Skin DiseasesLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Acne and sebaceous gland function

Zouboulis, Christos C.·2004·Clinics in Dermatology

DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004

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Abstract

The embryologic development of the human sebaceous gland is closely related to the differentiation of the hair follicle and the epidermis. The number of sebaceous glands remains approximately the same throughout life, whereas their size tends to increase with age. The development and function of the sebaceous gland in the fetal and neonatal periods appear to be regulated by maternal androgens and by endogenous steroid synthesis, as well as by other morphogens. The most apparent function of the glands is to excrete sebum. A strong increase in sebum excretion occurs a few hours after birth; this peaks during the first week and slowly subsides thereafter. A new rise takes place at about age 9 years with adrenarche and continues up to age 17 years, when the adult level is reached. The sebaceous gland is an important formation site of active androgens. Androgens are well known for their effects on sebum excretion, whereas terminal sebocyte differentiation is assisted by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands. Estrogens, glucocorticoids, and prolactin also influence sebaceous gland function. In addition, stress-sensing cutaneous signals lead to the production and release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone from dermal nerves and sebocytes with subsequent dose-dependent regulation of sebaceous nonpolar lipids. Among other lipid fractions, sebaceous glands have been shown to synthesize considerable amounts of free fatty acids without exogenous influence. Sebaceous lipids are responsible for the three-dimensional skin surface lipid organization. Contributing to the integrity of the skin barrier. They also exhibit strong innate antimicrobial activity, transport antioxidants to the skin surface, and express proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Acne in childhood has been suggested to be strongly associated with the development of severe acne during adolescence. Increased sebum excretion is a major factor in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris. Other sebaceous gland functions are also associated with the development of acne, including sebaceous proinflammatory lipids; different cytokines produced locally; periglandular peptides and neuropeptides, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which is produced by sebocytes; and substance P, which is expressed in the nerve endings at the vicinity of healthy-looking glands of acne patients. Current data indicate that acne vulgaris may be a primary inflammatory disease. Future drugs developed to treat acne not only should reduce sebum production and Propionibacterium acnes populations, but also should be targeted to reduce proinflammatory lipids in sebum, down-regulate proinflammatory signals in the pilosebaceous unit, and inhibit leukotriene B(4)-induced accumulation of inflammatory cells. They should also influence peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulation. Isotretinoin is still the most active available drug for the treatment of severe acne.

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Acne vulgaris
Well, D. (2013) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000434089.88606.70 · Cited by 38
Acne Pathogenesis: History of Concepts
Tillès, G. (2014) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000364860 · Cited by 38
A melanocortin receptor 1 and 5 antagonist inhibits sebaceous gland differentiation and the production of sebum-specific lipids
Eisinger, M., Li, W., Anthonavage, M., Pappas, A., Zhang, L., Rossetti, D., Huang, Q., & Seiberg, M. (2011) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.001 · Cited by 38
Female pattern hair loss, sebum excretion and the end-organ response to androgens
Birch, M. P., Lashen, H., Agarwal, S., & Messenger, A. G. (2005) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06953.x · Cited by 38
The epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma
Richmond‐Sinclair, N. M. (2010) · Faculty of Science and Technology; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation · Cited by 38
The Oil‐Absorbing Property of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Films and its Practical Application: A Refreshing New Outlook for an Old Degrading Material
Sudesh, K., Loo, C., Goh, L., Iwata, T., & Maeda, M. (2007) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.200700086 · Cited by 39
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators protect sebocytes from apoptosis: a new treatment modality for acne?
Schuster, M., Zouboulis, C. C., Ochsendorf, F. R., Müller, J., Thaçi, D., Bernd, A., Kaufmann, R., & Kippenberger, S. (2010) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10037.x · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Acne Through the Ages: Case-Based Observations Through Childhood and Adolescence
Tom, W. L., & Friedlander, S. F. (2008) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922808315444 · Cited by 36
“Adrenal secretion virtually disappears after the first year of life until approximately age 7, when there is a resurgence of adrenal androgen production (adrenarche).(22) When acne occurs in very early childhood, before the expected time of resurgence, there should be a high suspicion of hyperandrogenemia.”
Background
Spironolactone and XPB: An Old Drug with a New Molecular Target
Gabbard, R. D., Hoopes, R. R., & Kemp, M. G. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10050756 · Cited by 35
“Acne is best understood as a disease of excessive sebum productio which consequently leads to blocked pilo ebaceous follicles by way of undiff rentiated keratinocytes, resulting in a lipid-rich environment f r Propionibacterium acnes to thrive [19].”
Background
Retinoid plus antimicrobial combination treatments for acne
Dabade, T. S., Feneran, A. N., Kaufman, B., Dabade, T. S., & Feldman, S. R. (2011) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s13873 · Cited by 36
Pruritus is a common and significant symptom of acne
Lim, Y. L., Chan, Y. C., Yosipovitch, G., & Greaves, M. (2008) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02828.x · Cited by 35
Treatment challenges in adult female acne and future directions
Bagatin, E., Rocha, M., de Freitas, T. H. P., & Costa, C. S. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1917376 · Cited by 35
“(S-DHEA) or cholesterol, or by lower aromatase activity, or even greater sensitivity of androgen receptors [137,138].”
Background
NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NETosis positively regulate each other and exacerbate proinflammatory responses: implications of NETosis inhibition for acne skin inflammation treatment
Kim, H. J., Lee, Y. S., Lee, B., Han, C., Kim, S. G., & Kim, C. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-024-01137-x · Cited by 36
“Acne is triggered by Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ), an anaerobic and gram-positive bacterium frequently found on human skin [5, 6].”
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Lee, W. J., Cha, H. W., Sohn, M. Y., Lee, S., & Kim, D. W. (2012) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-012-1255-z · Cited by 35
“Excessive production of sebum and its abnormal lipid ingredients plays an important role in the formation of the primary lesions associated with acne [28].”
Background
Adiponectin Signaling Regulates Lipid Production in Human Sebocytes
Jung, Y. R., Lee, J.-H., Sohn, K., Lee, Y., Seo, Y., Kim, C. D., Lee, J., Hong, S., Seo, S., Kim, S., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169824 · Cited by 33
“However, excessive sebum production induces the formation of lesions associated with acne [38].”
Background
Polyphenol‐rich apple extract inhibits dexamethasone‐induced sebaceous lipids production by regulating SREBP 1 expression
Lee, K., Youm, J., Lee, W. J., Kang, S., & Kim, Y. J. (2017) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13319 · Cited by 33
Cutaneous fungal microbiome: Malassezia yeasts in seborrheic dermatitis scalp in a randomized, comparative and therapeutic trial
Kamamoto, C. S. L., Nishikaku, A. S., Gompertz, O. F., Melo, A. S. D. A., Hassun, K. M., & Bagatin, E. (2017) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1361573 · Cited by 33
“Some authors pointed out its association with seborrhoea and although it affects areas with greater density of sebaceous glands, that is not being well established association between higher sebaceous secretion and seborrheic dermatitis.(5,11) Likewise, it has been described that women with seborrheic dermatitis may e…”
Background
Use of Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Oily Skin
Campos, P. M. B. G. M., de Melo, M. O., & Mercúrio, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00254 · Cited by 35
“Although their function is important, cases of hyperseborrhea cause great discomfort and should be treated (Greene et al., 1970; Downing and Strauss, 1982; Zouboulis, 2004; Zouboulis et al., 2014; Byrd et al., 2018).”
Background
Factors predictive of Cutibacterium periprosthetic shoulder infections: a retrospective study of 342 prosthetic revisions
Matsen, F. A., Whitson, A. J., Neradilek, M. B., Pottinger, P. S., Bertelsen, A. L., & Hsu, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2019.08.008 · Cited by 33
Characterization of the sebocyte lipid droplet proteome reveals novel potential regulators of sebaceous lipogenesis
Dahlhoff, M., Fröhlich, T., Arnold, G. J., Müller, U., Leonhardt, H., Zouboulis, C. C., & Schneider, M. R. (2014) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.004 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes
Lee, W. J., Park, K. H., Sohn, M. Y., Lee, W. C., Lee, S., & Kim, D. W. (2013) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12330 · Cited by 32
Sebum, inflammasomes and the skin: current concepts and future perspective
Oyewole, A. O., & Birch‐Machin, M. A. (2015) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12774 · Cited by 33
Increased Lipid Accumulation under Hypoxia in SZ95 Human Sebocytes
Choi, K., Jin, M., Zouboulis, C. C., & Lee, Y. (2020) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000505537 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Sweat and odor in sportswear – A review
Chang, Y., & Wang, X. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107067 · Cited by 34
Saponins of Paris polyphylla for the Improvement of Acne: Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects
Li, L., Zhang, J., Cheng, W., Di, F., Wang, C., & An, Q. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29081793 · Cited by 35
“The resulting hydroperoxides continue to decompose to form small molecules of compounds such as acids, aldehydes, and ketones with short carbon chains [136,137].”
Background
Steroidogenic enzymes, their related transcription factors and nuclear receptors in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions
Azmahani, A., Nakamura, Y., Felizola, S. J. A., Ozawa, Y., Ise, K., Inoue, T., McNamara, K. M., Doi, M., Okamura, H., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.010 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Culture of human sebocytes in vitro
Xia, L., Zouboulis, C. C., & Ju, Q. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.2.8736 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Energy-Based Devices in Treatment of Acne Vulgaris
Handler, M. Z., Bloom, B. S., & Goldberg, D. J. (2016) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000715 · Cited by 31
“Medical therapies include isotretinoin, which decreases sebaceous gland activity.(80) Using an exogenous chromaphore, such as gold or silver, placed inside the pilosebaceous unit, lasers may be used to destroy the sebaceous gland (Table 10).”
Background
Cytokeratin and filaggrin expression in nevus comedonicus
Kurokawa, I., Nakai, Y., Nishimura, K., Hakamada, A., Isoda, K., Yamanaka, K., Mizutani, H., & Tsubura, A. (2006) · Journal of Cutaneous Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00619.x · Cited by 30
“Androgens regulate sebaceous gland function of cell proliferation and lipogenesis.(19) Dihydrotestosterone influences filaggrin expression in fetal rat skin.”
Background
Linoleic Acid Induced Changes in SZ95 Sebocytes—Comparison with Palmitic Acid and Arachidonic Acid
Kovács, D., Camera, E., Póliska, S., Cavallo, A., Maiellaro, M., Dull, K., Грубер, Ф., Zouboulis, C. C., Szegedi, A., & Törőcsik, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153315 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Contraceptive use in acne
Lam, C., & Zaenglein, A. L. (2014) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.05.002 · Cited by 29
“Methods to treat the hormonal component of acne can be divided into four groups: (1) androgen receptor blockers, (2) ovarian androgen blockers, (3) adrenal androgen production blockers, and (4) enzyme inhibitors.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases Part 2: Pathophysiological clinical disorders of sebaceous glands
Shamloul, G., & Khachemoune, A. (2021) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.14862 · Cited by 29
“epidermidis, increased sebaceous gland activity allows for the proliferation of these bacteria.(28) In turn, the bacterial lipases cleave di- and triglycerides.”
Background
Pyrosequencing detects human and animal pathogenic taxa in the grapevine endosphere
Yousaf, S., Bulgari, D., Bergna, A., Pancher, M., Quaglino, F., Casati, P., & Campisano, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00327 · Cited by 29
“This species is among the causing agents of acnes and its members are generally associated with human skin, where they feed on fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands (Webster et al., 1981; Zouboulis, 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Analysis of facial sebum distribution using a digital fluorescent imaging system
Han, B., Jung, B., Nelson, J. S., & Choi, E. (2007) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.2435700 · Cited by 29
“In the infundibulum, sebum is contaminated with bacterial hydrolases, which convert some of the triglycerides to free fatty acid on the skin surface.(1,4) A remarkable source of fluorescence on the face are porphyrins produced by bacteria observed within skin pores.”
Background
Prolactin as a candidate sebotrop(h)ic hormone?
Langan, E. A., Hinde, E., & Paus, R. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13545 · Cited by 30
Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review
Koch, W., Zagórska, J., Michalak-Tomczyk, M., Karav, S., & Wawruszak, A. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29174234 · Cited by 28
“They regulate genes responsible for sebum secretion and the growth of sebaceous glands; therefore, an increase in the level of these hormones may contribute to the development of the discussed dermatosis [77,78].”
Background
Effects of Extracellular Calcium and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Sebaceous Gland Cells In vitro and In vivo
Zouboulis, C. C., Seltmann, H., Abdel‐Naser, M. B., Hossini, A. M., Menon, G. K., & Kubba, R. (2016) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2525 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Evaluation of anti‐acne properties of phloretin in vitro and in vivo
Kum, H., Roh, K., Shin, S., Jung, K., Park, D., & Jung, E. (2015) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12263 · Cited by 27
“contributing to lesion formation and acne [29].”

Authors: Zouboulis, C. C.
Affiliations: Stiftung Charité (DE)
Corresponding author: Zouboulis, Christos C.
ORCID: Zouboulis, Christos C.
Venue: Clinics in Dermatology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 22
Issue: 5
Pages: 360-366
ISSN: 0738-081X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004
OpenAlex: W2031661874
Cited by: 561
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinics in Dermatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: sebaceous glands, sebum production, androgens, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, sebaceous lipids, corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, Propionibacterium acnes, skin barrier, epidermal differentiation, adrenarche
MeSH terms: Acne Vulgaris, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Dermatologic Agents, Humans, Neuropeptides, Sebaceous Glands, Sebum, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators

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Acne and sebaceous gland function

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