Cited by 561Acne and Rosacea Treatments and EffectsDermatology and Skin DiseasesLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Acne and sebaceous gland function

Zouboulis, Christos C.·2004·Clinics in Dermatology

DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004

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Abstract

The embryologic development of the human sebaceous gland is closely related to the differentiation of the hair follicle and the epidermis. The number of sebaceous glands remains approximately the same throughout life, whereas their size tends to increase with age. The development and function of the sebaceous gland in the fetal and neonatal periods appear to be regulated by maternal androgens and by endogenous steroid synthesis, as well as by other morphogens. The most apparent function of the glands is to excrete sebum. A strong increase in sebum excretion occurs a few hours after birth; this peaks during the first week and slowly subsides thereafter. A new rise takes place at about age 9 years with adrenarche and continues up to age 17 years, when the adult level is reached. The sebaceous gland is an important formation site of active androgens. Androgens are well known for their effects on sebum excretion, whereas terminal sebocyte differentiation is assisted by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands. Estrogens, glucocorticoids, and prolactin also influence sebaceous gland function. In addition, stress-sensing cutaneous signals lead to the production and release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone from dermal nerves and sebocytes with subsequent dose-dependent regulation of sebaceous nonpolar lipids. Among other lipid fractions, sebaceous glands have been shown to synthesize considerable amounts of free fatty acids without exogenous influence. Sebaceous lipids are responsible for the three-dimensional skin surface lipid organization. Contributing to the integrity of the skin barrier. They also exhibit strong innate antimicrobial activity, transport antioxidants to the skin surface, and express proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Acne in childhood has been suggested to be strongly associated with the development of severe acne during adolescence. Increased sebum excretion is a major factor in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris. Other sebaceous gland functions are also associated with the development of acne, including sebaceous proinflammatory lipids; different cytokines produced locally; periglandular peptides and neuropeptides, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which is produced by sebocytes; and substance P, which is expressed in the nerve endings at the vicinity of healthy-looking glands of acne patients. Current data indicate that acne vulgaris may be a primary inflammatory disease. Future drugs developed to treat acne not only should reduce sebum production and Propionibacterium acnes populations, but also should be targeted to reduce proinflammatory lipids in sebum, down-regulate proinflammatory signals in the pilosebaceous unit, and inhibit leukotriene B(4)-induced accumulation of inflammatory cells. They should also influence peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulation. Isotretinoin is still the most active available drug for the treatment of severe acne.

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A rapid method to clinically assess the effect of an anti‐acne formulation
Muizzuddin, N., Maes, D. H., & Mammone, T. (2010) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00533_4.x
Diet and Acne
Pappas, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7967-4_9
Molecular mechanism of Indian Hedgehog signalling in human sebocytes
Séquaris, G. (2010) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln)
Acne Research
Eady, E. A., & Cowdell, F. (2014) · Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association · doi:10.1097/jdn.0000000000000033
“In both genders, rising levels of the androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, in the blood during adrenarche trigger the onset of sebum secretion by the large sebaceous glands, which are attached to tiny specialized hair follicles located predominantly on the face and upper trunk (Zouboulis, 2004).”
Background
Tissue liver X-receptor-α (LXRα) level in acne vulgaris
Bosseila, M., Tawfic, S. O., Ezzat, M., & Shaker, O. G. (2013) · Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society · doi:10.1097/01.ewx.0000426318.37913.00
A pilot study on serum cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine in acne patients
Samahy, M. H. E., Attia, E. A. S., El‐Aziz, Y. A. A., Elsayed, S. B., & Tawfiek, S. K. F. (2014) · Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society · doi:10.1097/01.ewx.0000443806.24424.44
Morphometry of pilosebaceous unit and immunohistochemical expression of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor in acne vulgaris
Tawfic, S. O., Amin, I. M., Hassanein, R. A., & Elshaer, M. A. E. M. (2013) · Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society · doi:10.1097/01.ewx.0000431788.11167.1c
LA TERAPIA CON RETINOIDES EN ACNÉ VULGAR
Vinhal, D. C., Roberth, A. O., Ortence, V. O. P., & Diniz, D. G. A. (2014)
ESTUDO DA ESTABILIDADE QUÍMICA, FÍSICA E LIBERAÇÃO IN VITRO DA ERITROMICINA VEICULADA EM SISTEMAS LÍQUIDO-CRISTALINOS PARA TRATAMENTO DA ACNE VULGARIS
Filho, M., & Araraquara, C. D. (2007)
Diverse populations in aesthetics: Young patients
Shamban, A. T. (2011) · Series in cosmetic and laser therapy · doi:10.3109/9781841847542.032
Neueste Erkenntnisse und Blick in die Zukunft
Ruzicka, T., Wolff, H. J., Thomas, P. T., & Prinz, J. C. (2011) · Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10358-2_1
Epidemiology of dermatological diseases - aging, metabolic diseases and beyond
Guertin, P. A. (2016) · Global Drugs and Therapeutics · doi:10.15761/gdt.1000104
“, α- or β-adrenergic, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide) [12-14].”
Drug safety of skin care products - neuro- and non-neuro-mediated actions
Guertin, P. A. (2016) · Global Drugs and Therapeutics · doi:10.15761/gdt.1000102 · Cited by 1
“Dysregulation of substance P and vasointestinal peptide levels plays a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris whereas, in response to stress, substance P can promote the development of cytoplasmic organelles in sebaceous cells, stimulate sebaceous germinative cells, and induce significant sebaceous gland activity […”
Background
Acne
Loo, M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141602299-2.10009-x
Inflammatory Disorders of the Cutaneous Appendages
Phung, T., Wright, T., Pourciau, C., & Smoller, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44824-4_10
Value of volume restoration procedures with dermal filler in the mid-face
Hall, B. (2018) · Journal of Aesthetic Nursing · doi:10.12968/joan.2018.7.sup2.8
Could Ageing-Related Chronic Skin Problems be Attributed to Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Dysfunctions?
Guertin, P. A. (2016) · Archive of Gerontology and Geriatrics Research · doi:10.17352/aggr.000001
“) in rats [6] whereas, in humans, impaired neural control of mechanobiological processes altering skin function has been associated with ageing [7,8].”
Background
Lack of association in acne and salivary testosterone
Fresnais, D., Ingberg, E., Theodorsson, E., & Ström, J. O. (2018) · Journal of Controversies in Biomedical Research · doi:10.15586/jcbmr.2018.25
“All enzymes necessary for the conversion of cholesterols to steroids, DHEA sulfate, and DHEA are locally present in the skin, and the enzymes required for converting DHEA to androstenedione and testosterone have been localized to the sebaceous gland (15).”
Background
Evaluation of Prescription Pattern and Quality of life in Acne in Tertiary Care Hospital in North Indian population
Negi, N., Kumar, S., Kosey, S., & Sharma, V. V. (2017) · Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences · doi:10.32463/rphs.2017.v03i04.24
“Some of the pathological skin surface features like increased sebum excretion, alteration of lipid and oxidant/antioxidant ratio are liable features for acne formation [5].”
Background
RARE PRESENTATION OF AREOLAR SEBACEOUS HYPERPLASIA.
Alenazi, R. H., & Qari., S. (2018) · International Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.21474/ijar01/7924
“This lesion is made of asymptomatic pink or yellow papules, sometimes forming a thickening of the skin [8].”
Background

Authors: Zouboulis, C. C.
Affiliations: Stiftung Charité (DE)
Corresponding author: Zouboulis, Christos C.
ORCID: Zouboulis, Christos C.
Venue: Clinics in Dermatology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 22
Issue: 5
Pages: 360-366
ISSN: 0738-081X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004
OpenAlex: W2031661874
Cited by: 561
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinics in Dermatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: sebaceous glands, sebum production, androgens, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, sebaceous lipids, corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, Propionibacterium acnes, skin barrier, epidermal differentiation, adrenarche
MeSH terms: Acne Vulgaris, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Dermatologic Agents, Humans, Neuropeptides, Sebaceous Glands, Sebum, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators

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Acne and sebaceous gland function

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