Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection might improve clinical status of patients with Parkinson’s disease, especially on bradykinesia
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection might make clinical status worse in patients with Parkinson's disease and Helicobacter pylori eradication might improve clinical status by modifying the pharmacokinetics of L-dopa. Here, we investigate whether Helicobacter pylori eradication could benefit idiopathic parkinsonism and Helicobacter pylori infection will effect which aspect of motor symptom significantly.Patients and methods A cohort study involving idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients, screened for Helicobacter status by 13 C urea breath test. Clinical status was evaluated by using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn-Yahr stage. If patients had motor complications, they were quantified at the "on" time. The Helicobacter pylori positive patients could choose to receive Helicobacter pylori eradication or not by themselves. Group 1 was Helicobacter pylori negative patients. Group 2 was Helicobacter pylori positive patients who didn't receive eradication treatment. Group 3 was Helicobacter pylori positive patients who received successful eradication treatment. Repeat clinical assessments and 13 C urea breath test was performed at 1year later. Numerical data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) RESULTS: Ninety-four consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease were recruited and underwent the initial 13 C urea breath test, but only forty-eight patients successfully completed the total study. In Group 3, the UPDRS-III scores (=Motor Examination Section Scores) were significantly lower 1year later compared to baseline (18.3±8.38 vs. 25.9±8.37, P=0.007). The differences were main in UPDRS-23 (=Finger Taps) (1.7±1.16 vs. 2.4±1.51, P=0.045), UPDRS-25 (Rapid Alternation Movements of Hands) (1.6±1.35 vs. 2.4±1.71, P=0.031) and UPDRS-26 (=Leg Agility) (1.3±1.25 vs.2.1±0.99, P=0.011). There was difference among three groups in the UPDRS-26 (P=0.040) of clinical status change of one year.Conclusion The eradication of Helicobacter might improve the clinical status of idiopathic parkinsonism, especially on bradykinesia.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Changing the endotoxin-producing bacterial species can affect Parkinson's disease in patients and mouse models.
“changing the endotoxin-producing bacterial species can affect the disease in patients and mouse models.”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [98]
Gut colonisation with endotoxin-producing Helicobacter pylori is associated with Parkinson's disease, and eradication of H. pylori improved PD symptoms.
“Gut colonisation with endotoxin-producing Helicobacter pylori is associated with PD [96], and eradication of H. pylori improved PD symptoms [97, 98].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [98]
Cites
MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease
Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Stern, M., Poewe, W., Olanow, C. W., Oertel, W., Obeso, J., Marek, K., Litvan, I., Lang, A. E., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26424 · Cited by 7,653 · see citing works
THE BASAL GANGLIA: FOCUSED SELECTION AND INHIBITION OF COMPETING MOTOR PROGRAMS
Mink, J. W. (1996) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00042-1 · Cited by 2,478 · see citing works
Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence
Wirdefeldt, K., Adami, H.-O., Cole, P., Trichopoulos, D., & Mandel, J. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Graham, D. Y., Lew, G. M., Klein, P. D., Evans, D. G., Evans, D. J., Saeed, Z. A., & Malaty, H. M. (1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-9-705 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: Clinical manifestations
Jankovic, J. J. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20458 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Peripheral cytokines profile in parkinson’s disease
Reale, M., Iarlori, C., Thomas, A., Gambi, D., Perfetti, B., Di Nicola, M., & Onofrj, M. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.003 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori stimulates antral mucosal reactive oxygen metabolite production in vivo.
Davies, G. R., Simmonds, N. J., Stevens, T., Sheaff, M., Banatvala, N., Laurenson, I. F., Blake, D. R., & Rampton, D. S. (1994) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.35.2.179 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Association of circulating TNF-α and IL-6 with ageing and parkinsonism
Dobbs, R. J., Charlett, A., Purkiss, A. G., Dobbs, S. M., Weller, C., & Peterson, D. W. (1999) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00721.x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Chen, H., O'Reilly, E. J., Schwarzschild, M. A., & Ascherio, A. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm260 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationPierantozzi, M., Pietroiusti, A., Brusa, L., Galati, S., Stefani, A., Lunardi, G., Fedele, E., Sancesario, G., Bernardi, G., Bergamaschi, A., et al. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000221672.01272.ba · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Hamlet, A., Thoreson, A.-C. E., Nilsson, O., Svennerholm, A., & Olbe, L. C. (1999) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70121-6 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with worse severity of Parkinson's disease
Tan, A. H., Mahadeva, S., Marras, C., Thalha, A. M., Kiew, C. K., Yeat, C. M., Ng, S. W., Ang, S. P., Chow, S. K., Loke, M. F., et al. (2014) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.009 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease
Lee, W. Y., Yoon, W. T., Shin, H. Y., Jeon, S. H., & Rhee, P. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22190 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cortisol is higher in parkinsonism and associated with gait deficit
Charlett, A., Dobbs, R. J., Purkiss, A. G., Wrighe, D. J., Peterson, D. W., Weller, C., & Dobbs, S. M. (2009) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb00614.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Dobbs, R. J., Dobbs, S. M., Weller, C., Bjarnason, I., Oxlade, N. L., Charlett, A., Al-Janabi, M., Kerwin, R. W., Mahler, R. F., & Price, A. B. (2005) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00331.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Niehues, M., & Hensel, A. (2009) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp.61.10.0005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dobbs, S. M., Dobbs, R. J., Weller, C., Charlett, A., Bjarnason, I., Lawson, A., Letley, D. P., Harbin, L. J., Price, A. B., Ibrahim, M. A. A., et al. (2010) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00768.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Niehues, M., & Hensel, A. (2009) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp/61.10.0005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori‐induced reduction of acute levodopa absorption in parkinson's disease patients
Pierantozzi, M., Pietroiusti, A., Galante, A., Sancesario, G., Lunardi, G., Fedele, E., Giacomini, P., & Stanzione, P. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1267 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dobbs, R. J., Charlett, A., Dobbs, S. M., Weller, C., Ibrahim, M. A. A., Iguodala, O., Smee, C., Plant, J., Lawson, A., Taylor, D. M., et al. (2012) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-4-12 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dobbs, S. M., Dobbs, R. J., Weller, C., Charlett, A., Augustin, A. D., Taylor, D. M., Ibrahim, M. A. A., & Bjarnason, I. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0357-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cycad toxins, Helicobacter pylori and parkinsonism: Cholesterol glucosides as the common denomenator
Schulz, J., Hawkes, E., & Shaw, C. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.12.033 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chen, W., Xiao, Q., Shao, M., Feng, T., Liu, W., Luo, X., Chen, X., Xie, A., Liu, C., Liu, Z., et al. (2014) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-26 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dobbs, S. M., Charlett, A., Dobbs, R. J., Weller, C., Iguodala, O., Smee, C., Lawson, A., Taylor, D. M., & Bjarnason, I. (2013) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/hel.12035 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Quantifying rigidity of Parkinson's disease in relation to laxative treatment: a service evaluation
Augustin, A. D., Charlett, A., Weller, C., Dobbs, S. M., Taylor, D. M., Bjarnason, I., & Dobbs, R. J. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12967 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease
Sun, M.-F., & Shen, Y.-Q. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.004 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration
Brown, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1564-7 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Infectious Etiologies of Parkinsonism: Pathomechanisms and Clinical Implications
Limphaibool, N., Iwanowski, P. S., Holstad, M. J. V., Kobylarek, D., & Kozubski, W. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00652 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal barriers to levodopa transport and absorption in Parkinson's disease
Leta, V., Klingelhoefer, L., Longardner, K., Campagnolo, M., Çotur, H., Aureli, F., Metta, V., Bhidayasiri, R., Chung‐Faye, G., Falup‐Pecurariu, C., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15734 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
H. pylori and Parkinson’s disease: Meta-analyses including clinical severity
Dardiotis, E., Tsouris, Z., Mentis, A. A., Siokas, V., Michalopoulou, A., Sokratous, M., Dastamani, M., Bogdanos, D. P., Deretzi, G., & Kountouras, J. (2018) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.039 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Altered Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Pathology in Parkinson’s Disease
Chiang, H., & Lin, C. (2019) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.18067 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease
Brown, G. C., Camacho, M., & Williams‐Gray, C. H. (2023) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29432 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gut–Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Toledo, A. R. L., Monroy, G. R., Salazar, F. E., Lee, J.-Y., Jain, S., Yadav, H., & Borlongan, C. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031184 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Tan, A. H., Lim, S., Mahadeva, S., Loke, M. F., Tan, J. Y., Ang, B. H., Chin, K. P., Adnan, A. F. M., Ong, S. M. C., Ibrahim, A. I., et al. (2020) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28248 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Clinical implications of gastric complications on levodopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease
Pfeiffer, R. F., Isaacson, S. H., & Pahwa, R. (2020) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.05.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori and Its Antibiotic Heteroresistance: A Neglected Issue in Published Guidelines
Rizvanov, A. A., Haertlé, T., Bogomolnaya, L. M., & Abadi, A. T. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01796 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rosa, C. P., Brancaglion, G. A., Miyauchi-Tavares, T. M., Corsetti, P. P., & de Almeida, L. A. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases
Ražuka‐Ebela, D., Giupponi, B., & Franceschi, F. (2018) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/hel.12520 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Newly Approved and Investigational Drugs for Motor Symptom Control in Parkinson's Disease
Luca, D. G. D., Reyes, N. G. D., & Fox, S. H. (2022) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01747-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wei, B.-R., Zhao, Y., Cheng, Y., Huang, C., & Zhang, F. (2024) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-023-00404-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zhong, R., Chen, Q., Zhang, X., Li, M., & Lin, W. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10473-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of Helicobacter pylori on Levodopa Pharmacokinetics
Nyholm, D., & Hellström, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202298 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The neuromicrobiology of Parkinson’s disease: A unifying theory
Muñoz, M., Empadinhas, N., & Cardoso, S. M. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101396 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Challenges of Repurposing Tetracyclines for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Markulin, I., Matasin, M., Turk, V. E., & Salković-Petrisic, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02457-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A review of studies on gut microbiota and levodopa metabolism
Zhong, Z., Ye, M., & Yan, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1046910 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The association of comorbidity with Parkinson's disease-related hospitalizations
Hommel, A. L. A. J., Krijthe, J. H., Darweesh, S. K. L., & Bloem, B. R. (2022) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fackrell, R., Carroll, C., Grosset, D. G., Mohamed, B., Reddy, P., Parry, M., Chaudhuri, К. R., & Foltynie, T. (2018) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2018-0020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances
Li, S., Zhao, L., Xiao, J., Guo, Y., Fu, R., Zhang, Y., & Xu, S. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, R., Mu, B., Wang, D., XinHuang, Ma, Q., & Lu, M. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04584-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease
Gabrielli, M., Verme, L. Z. D., Zocco, M. A., Nista, E. C., Ojetti, V., & Gasbarrini, A. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15010026 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
From the Gut to the Brain: Is Microbiota a New Paradigm in Parkinson’s Disease Treatment?
Vilela, C., Araújo, B., Soares-Guedes, C., Caridade-Silva, R., Martins‐Macedo, J., Teixeira, C., Gomes, E. D., Prudêncio, C., Vieira, M., & Teixeira, F. G. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13090770 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bai, F., & Li, X. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119767 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Role of Helicobacters in Neuropsychiatric Disease: A Systematic Review in Idiopathic Parkinsonism
Tucker, R. M., Augustin, A. D., Hayee, B., Bjarnason, I., Taylor, D. M., Weller, C., Charlett, A., Dobbs, S. M., & Dobbs, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072159 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dopamine and Gastrointestinal Motility
Zheng, L., Liu, S., Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Xiao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6586-5_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration, Mitochondria, and Antibiotics
Suarez-Rivero, J. M., López‐Pérez, J., Muela‐Zarzuela, I., Pastor‐Maldonado, C. J., Cilleros-Holgado, P., Gómez-Fernández, D., Álvarez-Córdoba, M., Munuera-Cabeza, M., Talaverón-Rey, M., Povea-Cabello, S., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13030416 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wang, X., Jiang, D., Li, T., Zhang, X. L., Wang, R., Gao, S., Yang, F., Wang, Y., Tian, Q., Xie, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991085 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Helicobacter pylori infection might be a protective factor against Parkinson’s disease
Xiao, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Li, B., Hou, Q., Wang, J., Xiu, W., Zhang, R., Zhang, G., Lan, Y., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01562-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is breath testing without 13C-labelled external urea able to detect Helicobacter pylori infection?
Carlos, A. B. M. [., de Oliveira, C. V., Rodrigues, M. A. M., & Costa, V. E. (2019) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-019-01961-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Overview of heteroresistance, persistence and optimized strategies to control them
Marjani, M. F. A., Mohammed, H. N., Al-Kadmy, I. M. S., & Aziz, S. N. (2022) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/mrm.0000000000000325 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Berlamont, H., Bruggeman, A., Bauwens, E., Vandendriessche, C., Clarebout, E., Xie, J., Bruyckere, S. D., Imschoot, G. V., Wonterghem, E. V., Ducatelle, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111328 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sung, Y., Yin, J., Lee, K., Tsai, C., Lin, Y., Chen, S., Chung, C., Chien, W., Lee, J., & Chou, C.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.953821 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Immune dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Contaldi, E., Magistrelli, L., & Comi, C. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00008-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
PİLAN, K., & Ertekin, A. (2022) · Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.51754/cusbed.1073965
Extraintestinal Manifestations of H. pylori Infection: Neurologic Disease
Choi, S. I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0013-4_37
Watts, A., Pitchforth, E., Easton, V., & Abbott, S. (2023) · Bulletin of pioneering researches of medical and clinical science · doi:10.51847/wcdqokf4vq
MPORTANCE OF MICROBIOTA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW
Ocampo-Coronado, E., Hernandez, J. C. L., Hernández, A. L., Hernández, S. L., & Carrasco, S. P. N. (2026) · Ciencia y Frontera · doi:10.61865/j.cyfsld.2025.kk2r-x6eb
Vishwas, G., Kakkar, A. K., Mehta, S., Pattanaik, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Sharma, V., & Modi, M. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-09307-7
Yamamoto, H., Miyaue, N., & Nagai, M. (2026) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2026.108949
- Authors
- Liu, H., Su, W., Li, S., Du, W., Ma, X., Jin, Y., Li, K., & Chen, H.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Su, Wen
- Chen, Haibo
- Venue
- Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 160
- Pages
- 101-104
- ISSN
- 0303-8467 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2725782578
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Capital Characteristic Clinic Project of China (BJ-2012-147)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Helicobacter pylori infection, Helicobacter pylori eradication, Parkinson's disease, bradykinesia, motor symptoms, 13C-urea breath test, motor complications, Hoehn and Yahr stage, UPDRS-III, idiopathic parkinsonism, motor function improvement, 12-month follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Dopamine Agents, Comorbidity, Helicobacter Infections, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Hypokinesia, Proton Pump Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review