Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Gut microbial dysbiosis and alteration of microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been increasingly reported. Dysbiosis in the composition and abundance of gut microbiota can affect both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS), indicating the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis and thereby causing CNS diseases. Disturbance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been linked to specific microbial products that are related to gut inflammation and neuroinflammation. Future directions should therefore focus on the exploration of specific gut microbes or microbial metabolites that contribute to the development of PD. Microbiota-targeted interventions, such as antibiotics, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, have been shown to favorably affect host health. In this review, recent findings regarding alterations and the role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in PD are summarized, and potential molecular mechanisms and microbiota-targeted interventions in PD are discussed.
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A growing number of studies have reported changes in the microbiota among patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, and Huntington's disease.
“A growing number of studies have reported changes in the microbiota among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), ALS, and Huntington's disease (HD) (26–28), and although the exact mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unclear, there is a growing body of evidence to support the concept of a “gut microbiota–brain axis” (29).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The abundance of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides genera increased in PD patients.
“the abundance of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides genera increased in PD patients, while that of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia decreased remarkably [8,9,10,11].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia decreased remarkably in PD patients.
“the abundance of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides genera increased in PD patients, while that of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia decreased remarkably [8,9,10,11].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Pathological changes in microbial taxonomy have been observed among PD patients.
“Pathological changes in microbial taxonomy have been observed among PD patients.”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the development and treatment of PD through the brain-gut axis.
“The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the development and treatment of PD through the brain-gut axis [9].”
From Neuroprotective Effect of Ceftriaxone on MPTP‐Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Patients with PD have an intestinal microbiota disorder, specifically increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae and decreased abundance of Prevotella, Clostridium coccoides, and Bacteroides fragilis.
“Patients with PD have an intestinal microbiota disorder, which is specifically manifested in the increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae and the decreased abundance of Prevotella, Clostridium coccoides, and Bacteroides fragilis [9, 10].”
From Neuroprotective Effect of Ceftriaxone on MPTP‐Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In Parkinson's disease, dysbiosis followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and gut discomfort far precedes the onset of motor dysfunctions and is linked to neuroinflammation and alterations in dopamine, serotonin, and kynurenine metabolism through the gut-brain axis.
“Concerning PD, dysbiosis followed by GI symptoms and gut discomfort far precedes the onset of motor dysfunctions and it is linked to neuroinflammation, as well as to alterations in dopamine, serotonin, and kynurenine metabolism through the gut-brain axis [40,41,42,43,44,45,46]”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
The counterintuitive enrichment of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in stools from Parkinson's disease patients could represent a compensatory mechanism to restore intestinal homeostasis.
“Their counterintuitive enrichment in stools from PD patients, reported in most studies [41,53,54,68,71,72,79] with few exceptions [78,89,90], could represent a compensatory mechanism to restore intestinal homeostasis [41]”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Sun, M.-F., & Shen, Y.-Q.
- Affiliations
- Jiangnan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Yan-Qin
- ORCID
- Shen, Yan-Qin
- Venue
- Ageing Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 53-61
- ISSN
- 1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2801763052
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ageing Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National natural science foundation of China (81771384, 81650007)
- Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China (BK20151127)
- Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province of China (KYZZ16_0310)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gut dysbiosis, microbial metabolites, microbiota-gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation, intestinal inflammation, enteric nervous system, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, microbiota-targeted interventions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Humans, Inflammation, Parkinson Disease, Gastrointestinal Tract, Dysbiosis
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