MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
This document presents the Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease (PD). The Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research but also may be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark for these criteria is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise in PD diagnosis. Although motor abnormalities remain central, increasing recognition has been given to nonmotor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core feature of the disease, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies on three categories of diagnostic features: absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of the PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: clinically established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity) and probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). The Movement Disorder Society criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, the Movement Disorder Society criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Final diagnoses were based on internationally established criteria.
“Final diagnoses were based on internationally established criteria [12, 46, 49–52].”
PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is defined by the presence of motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor.
“PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is defined by the presence of motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor (Postuma et al., 2015).”
From Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis (2019) · cites this paper as Postuma et al., 2015
The final diagnosis of PD, MSA, and PSP was determined by two neurologists according to updated clinical guidelines.
“The final diagnosis of PD, MSA, and PSP was determined by two neurologists according to the updated clinical guidelines[37-40].”
From QEEG Signatures are Associated with Nonmotor Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism: An Integrative Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
PD patients present with tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity, with atrophy initially in the substantia nigra and brainstem, progressing to the basal ganglia and related subcortical regions.
“PD patients present with tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity, with atrophy initially observed in the substantial nigra and brainstem, progressing to the basal ganglia and related subcortical regions over the course of the disease (Postuma et al., 2015).”
From Thinking versus feeling: How interoception and cognition influence emotion recognition in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease (2023) · cites this paper as Postuma et al., 2015
Diagnosis was established by multidisciplinary teams at each research institute based on current consensus diagnostic criteria.
“Diagnosis was established by the multidisciplinary teams at each research institute based on current consensus diagnostic criteria (McKhann et al., 2011; Postuma et al., 2015; Rascovsky et al., 2011).”
From Thinking versus feeling: How interoception and cognition influence emotion recognition in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease (2023) · cites this paper as Postuma et al., 2015
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Stern, M., Poewe, W., Olanow, C. W., Oertel, W., Obeso, J., Marek, K., Litvan, I., Lang, A. E., Halliday, G., Goetz, C. G., Gasser, T., Dubois, B., Chan, P., Bloem, B. R., Adler, C. H., & Deuschl, G.
- Affiliations
- Montreal General Hospital (CA)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- University of Pennsylvania Health System (US)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of Navarra‐FIMA Pamplona Spain
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Toronto Western Hospital (CA)
- Neuroscience Research Australia (AU)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (FR)
- Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University (CN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona (US)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Postuma, Ronald B.
- Berg, Daniela
- ORCID
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1591-1601
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- OpenAlex
- W2112455323
- Cited by
- 7,653
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1094 · 2025: 1265 · 2024: 1053 · 2023: 932 · 2022: 880 · 2021: 734 · 2020: 686 · 2019: 420 · 2018: 295 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 25.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, diagnostic criteria, Movement Disorder Society criteria, parkinsonism, bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, non-motor symptoms, prodromal Parkinson's disease, exclusion criteria, diagnostic certainty, diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Parkinson Disease, Reference Standards, Severity of Illness Index, Societies, Scientific
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