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Oromucosal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: An uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial
Abstract
Background Central neuropathic pain (CNP), pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the central nervous system, occurs in ~28% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (THC/CBD), an endocannabinoid system modulator, has demonstrated efficacy for up to 4 weeks in randomized controlled trials in the treatment of CNP in patients with MS.Objective The purpose of this extension was to establish long-term tolerability and effectiveness profiles for THC/CBD (Sativex (R), GW Pharmaceuticals plc, Salisbury, United Kingdom) oromucosal spray in CNP associated with MS.Methods This uncontrolled, open-label trial was an indefinite-duration extension of a previously reported 5-week randomized study in patients with MS and CNP. In the initial trial, patients were randomized to placebo or THC/CBD. Patients were only required to maintain their existing analgesia in the randomized study. In the open-label trial they could vary their other analgesia as required. All patients (placebo and THC/CBD) who completed the randomized trial commenced the open-label follow-up on THC/CBD (27 mg/mL: 25 mg/mL). Patients titrated their dosage, maintaining their existing analgesia. The primary end point of the trial was the number, frequency, and type of adverse events (AEs) reported by patients. Secondary end points included changes from baseline in 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS-11) neuropathic pain score, hematology and clinical chemistry test results, vital signs, trial drug usage, and intoxication visual analogue scale scores.Results Sixty-six patients were enrolled in the randomized trial; 64 (97%) completed the randomized trial and 63 (95%) entered the open-label extension (race, white, 100%; sex, male, 14 [22%]; mean [SD] age, 49 [8.4] years [range, 27-71 years[). The mean (SD) duration of open-label treatment was 463 (378) days (median, 638 days; range, 3-917 days), with 34 (54%) patients completing >1 year of treatment with THC/CBD and 28 (44%) patients completing the open-label trial with a mean (SD) duration of treatment of 839 (42) days (median, 845 days; range, 701-917 days). Mean NRS-11 pain scores in the final week of the randomized trial were 3.8 in the treatment group and 5.0 in the placebo group. In the 28 (44%) patients who completed the 2-year follow up, the mean (SD) NRS-11 pain score in the final week of treatment was 2.9 (2.0) (range, 0-8.0). Fifty-eight (92%) patients experienced > or =1 treatment-related AE. These AEs were rated by the investigator as mild in 47 (75%) patients, moderate in 49 (78%), and severe in 32 (51%). The most commonly reported AEs were dizziness (27%), nausea (18 %), and feeling intoxicated (11%). Two treatment-related serious AEs (ventricular bigeminy and circulatory collapse) were judged to be treatment-related. Both serious AEs occurred in the same patient and resolved completely following a period of discontinuation. Eleven (17%) patients experienced oral discomfort, 4 persistently. Regular oral examinations revealed that 7 (11%) patients developed white buccal mucosal patches and 2 (3%) developed red buccal mucosal patches; all cases were deemed mild and resolved. Seventeen (25%) patients withdrew due to AEs. The mean number of sprays and patients experiencing intoxication remained stable throughout the follow-up trial.Conclusions THC/CBD was effective, with no evidence of tolerance, in these select patients with CNP and MS who completed approximately 2 years of treatment (n = 28). Ninety-two percent of patients experienced an AE, the most common of which were dizziness and nausea. The majority of AEs were deemed to be of mild to moderate severity by the investigators.
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“Ninety-five percent of the patients in the placebo-controlled study chose to enter a two year open-label study with Sativex®.147”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Most doses of Sativex® were administered between 6 PM and 12 AM demonstrating that pain symptoms may be at their worst during normal sleeping hours for MS patients.”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Twenty-five percent withdrew due to adverse events and 95% experienced one or more adverse events during the course of treatment.”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Fifty-four percent of the patients completed one year and 44% of patients completed two years of the study.”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“The NRS-11, completed at the end of the trial or upon withdrawal, was not different from the earlier randomized study indicating that Sativex® was still suppressing pain.”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, patients did not increase the titration of their dose indicating that no tolerance developed to Sativex®.”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [147]
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Soriano, D., Brumovsky, P. R., Villar, M. J., & Coronel, M. F. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06778-y
“In this context, formulations with a balanced THC:CBD ratio (e.g., 1:1) have demonstrated robust analgesic effects with manageable side effects (Hardy et al. 2024; Johnson et al. 2010; Langford et al. 2013; Rog et al. 2007; Serpell et al. 2014).”
Boury‐Esnault, N., Marschal, C., Probst, J.-M. K., & Barnathan, G. (2002) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.155630
Spirito, A., Provenzano, R., Vitiello, A., Spirito, N. A. D., Izzo, L., Lombardi, A., Maiolino, P., Pane, C., Ungaro, F., Saccà, F., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115162
Uses of cannabinoids in pain management
Kohr, D., & Kugler, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36773-1.00010-6
Obsa, M. S., Saul, A., Lefever, K., Campbell, J. A., Laslett, L. L., Dagnew, B., Taylor, B. V., & van der Mei, I. A. F. (2026) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/9981770
The Specific Condition: Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Toth, C. C., & Moulin, D. E. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139152211.010
Benyamina, A., & Blecha, L. (2012) · Douleur et Analgésie · doi:10.1007/s11724-012-0294-8
Metadata
- Authors
- ROG, D., NURMIKKO, T., & YOUNG, C.
- Affiliations
- Walton Centre (GB)
- Venue
- Clinical Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2068-2079
- ISSN
- 0149-2918 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996712837
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bayer Corporation
- GW Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- central pain, multiple sclerosis, oromucosal spray, Sativex, long-term tolerability, adverse events, endocannabinoid system, pain management, cannabis-based medicines, poisoning, analgesia, vital signs, drug use, open-label extension
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Administration, Sublingual, Adult, Aerosols, Analgesics, Opioid, Cannabidiol, Central Nervous System Diseases, Drug Combinations, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth Mucosa, Multiple Sclerosis, Pain, Plant Extracts, Dronabinol
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