Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance--a randomized cross-over intervention study in humans

Fleddermann, Manja; Fechner, Anita; Rößler, Andrea; Bähr, Melanie; Pastor, Anja; Liebert, Frank; Jahreis, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.005

Cited by 114Muscle metabolism and nutritionProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive PeptidesFood and Agricultural Sciences

Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance--a randomized cross-over intervention study in humans

Fleddermann, Manja, Fechner, Anita, Rößler, Andrea, Bähr, Melanie, Pastor, Anja, Liebert, Frank, Jahreis, Gerhard·2013·Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.005

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Abstract

Background & aims Plant proteins such as rapeseed have received little attention for human nutrition due to their high level of antinutritive compounds. Today, newer technologies can eliminate such compounds. The present intervention study aimed to evaluate nutritional and physiological properties of two manufactured canola proteins with special focus on their bioavailability in humans.Methods 28 healthy male subjects (ø 25 years) consumed 30.0 g protein (canola protein isolate--CPI, canola protein hydrolyzate--CPH or soy protein isolate--SPI) in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Blood samples were regularly drawn over the 8-h postprandial period and a 24-h urine sample was collected.Results True digestibility of the canola proteins determined in a separate rat assay showed 93.3% for CPI and 97.3% for CPH. In humans, consumption of either 30.0 g canola protein or soy protein mixed in a drink led to significant increases in plasma amino acids after 62.3 and 83.6 min, respectively. While the CPH produced an earlier response compared to CPI and SPI, total amino acid response (AUC for 8 h) was comparable between all interventions. The nitrogen balance between the three proteins tested showed no statistical differences.Conclusions High digestibility of rapeseed protein was found in rats. In humans, this is the first intervention study showing rapeseed protein (both isolate and hydrolyzate) as having a high nutritional quality and can be considered to be as efficient as soy protein for a postprandial amino acid response. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01481584.

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Food processing techniques make it possible to largely remove antinutrients such as glucosinolates, phytates, erucic acid, and insoluble fiber from canola/rapeseed proteins, which dramatically improves their bioavailability.
“Food processing techniques make it possible to largely remove antinutrients such as glucosinolates, phytates, erucic acid, and insoluble fiber from canola/rapeseed proteins, which dramatically improves their bioavailability [26].”
From Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function (2020) · cites this paper as [26]

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Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function
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“Fibre and protein from a rapeseed PI that was obtained by membrane processing were hydrolysed [55].”
Method
A comparative study between the electro-activation technique and conventional extraction method on the extractability, composition and physicochemical properties of canola protein concentrates and isolates
Gerzhova, A., Mondor, M., Benali, M., & Aïder, M. (2015) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2015.04.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recent Genetic Gains in Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Oilseed Rape
Stahl, A., Pfeifer, M., Frisch, M., Wittkop, B., & Snowdon, R. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00963 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Not at least, the residual meal is winning wide use as a protein feed for animals and is also discussed for human nutrition recently (Fleddermann et al., 2013).”
Background
Breeding Canola (Brassica napus L.) for Protein in Feed and Food
So, K. K. Y., & Duncan, R. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10102220 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Composition and Techno-functional Properties of Grape Seed Flour Protein Extracts
Alvarez-Ossorio, C., Orive, M., Sanmartín, E., Álvarez‐Sabatel, S., Labidi, J., Zufía, J., & Bald, C. (2022) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00367 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Controlled fermentation of rapeseed presscake by Rhizopus, and its effect on some components with relevance to human nutrition
Lücke, F., Fritz, V., Tannhäuser, K., & Arya, A. (2018) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.031 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Towards sustainable and nutritional-based plant protein sources: A review on the role of rapeseed
Karabulut, G., Subaşı, B. G., Ivanova, P., Gökşen, G., Chalova, V. I., & Çapanoğlu, E. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115553 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A major QTL on chromosome C05 significantly reduces acid detergent lignin (ADL) content and increases seed oil and protein content in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Behnke, N., Suprianto, E., & Möllers, C. (2018) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-018-3167-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Production of hydrophobic amino acids from biobased resources: wheat gluten and rubber seed proteins
Widyarani, W., Sari, Y. W., Ratnaningsih, E., Sanders, J. P. M., & Bruins, M. E. (2016) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7441-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Importance of being analogue: Female attitudes towards meat analogue containing rapeseed protein
Banović, M., & Sveinsdóttir, K. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107833 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of modification on plant protein digestion and absorption
Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105761 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Comparative Study of the Nutritional and Chemical Composition of New Oil Rape, Safflower and Mustard Seed Varieties Developed and Grown in Serbia
Stojanović, Z. S., Uletilović, D., Kravić, S., Kevrešan, Ž. S., Grahovac, N. L., Lončarević, I. S., Đurović, A. D., & Marjanović‐Jeromela, A. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12112160 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Rapeseed is a good source of protein for both animal and human consumption, with a balanced profile of essential amino acids, high crude fiber content and minerals [4].”
Effect of heat treatment on protein quality of rapeseed protein isolate compared with non‐heated rapeseed isolate, soy and whey protein isolates, and rice and pea protein concentrates
Bailey, H. M., Fanelli, N. S., & Stein, H. H. (2023) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.12809 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rheological and water holding alterations in mixed gels prepared from whey proteins and rapeseed proteins
Ainis, W. N., Ersch, C., Farinet, C., Yang, Q.-H., Glover, Z. J., & Ipsen, R. (2018) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.08.023 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Probiotic-fermentation of oat: Safety, strategies for improving quality, potential food applications and biological activities
Abdelshafy, A. M., Mustafa, M. A., Hassan, A. M., & Al‐Asmari, F. (2024) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104640 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of multifrequency ultrasound pretreatment on the enzymolysis, ACE inhibitory activity, and the structure characterization of rapeseed protein
Wali, A., Ma, H., Aadil, R. M., Zhou, C., Rashid, M. T., & Liu, X. (2017) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.13413 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Exploring the Nutritional Potential and Functionality of Hemp and Rapeseed Proteins: A Review on Unveiling Anti-Nutritional Factors, Bioactive Compounds, and Functional Attributes
Axentii, M., & Codină, G. G. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13091195 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…products is proven to enhance moisture retention and texture, extending the shelf life of final Meat alternatives incorporating rapeseed protein have been deemed acceptable based on their nutritional composition, and deemed sufficient to fulfill human requirements for essential amino acids [176].”
Background
Advancement in Nutritional Value, Processing Methods, and Potential Applications of Pseudocereals in Dietary Food: A Review
Langyan, S., Khan, F. N., & Kumar, A. (2023) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-023-03109-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“These processing techniques also remove most of the antinutrients like phytates, glucosinolates, erucic acid, and insoluble fiber from canola proteins that further improve and increase the digestibility and bioavailability (Fleddermann et al., 2013).”
Impact of alkaline and deep eutectic solvent extraction on rapeseed protein isolates characteristics and in vitro digestibility
Đermanović, B., Marić, A., Sakač, M. B., Tomić, D., Dragojlović, D., Popović, L. M., Šarić, B. M., & Jovanov, P. T. (2025) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101075 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“These amino acids and their metabolites, such as glutathione and homocysteine, play a crucial role in antioxidant defense and the regulation of redox balance, making rapeseed isolates important for the human diet (Fleddermann et al., 2013).”
Antioxidation and memory protection effects of solid‐state‐fermented rapeseed meal peptides on D ‐galactose‐induced memory impairment in aging‐mice
Ding, Q., Wu, R. A., Yin, L., Zhang, W., He, R., Zhang, T., Jiang, H., Luo, L., Ma, H., & Dai, C. (2019) · Journal of Food Process Engineering · doi:10.1111/jfpe.13145 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The effect of transglutaminase on the structure and texture of plant-protein based bigel
Moguiliansky, S., Friedman, N., & Davidovich‐Pinhas, M. (2024) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.110981 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Postprandial Metabolic Response to Rapeseed Protein in Healthy Subjects
Volk, C., Brandsch, C., Schlegelmilch, U., Wensch-Dorendorf, M., Hirche, F., Simm, A., Gargum, O., Wiacek, C., Braun, P. G., Kopp, J. F., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082270 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“were the first to demonstrate that the intake of rapeseed protein resulted in a postprandial amino acid profile that was comparable to that of soy protein in healthy male volunteers [10].”
Result
A Review of the Utilization of Canola Protein as an Emulsifier in the Development of Food Emulsions
Tang, Y. R., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28248086 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“More-over, canola protein hydrolysates have been shown to improve the PDCAAS value to 1.00, which shows the potential for canola protein’s use as a valuable nutritional source [4].”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of high pressure treatment on rapeseed protein microparticle properties and gastrointestinal release behavior of the encapsulated peptides
Wang, Z., Ju, X., He, R., Yuan, J., & Aluko, R. E. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.023 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rapeseed/Canola (Brassica napus) Seed
Goyal, A., Tanwar, B., Sihag, M. K., Kumar, V., Sharma, V., & Soni, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4194-0_2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rearing Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae) in the “Lunar Palace 1” during a 105-day multi-crew closed integrative BLSS experiment
Li, L., Xie, B., Dong, C., Hu, D., Wang, M., Liu, G., & Liu, H. (2015) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2015.08.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How Healthy Are Non-Traditional Dietary Proteins? The Effect of Diverse Protein Foods on Biomarkers of Human Health
Bull, C. F., Belobrajdic, D. P., Hamzelou, S., Jones, D., Leifert, W. R., Reyes, R. P., Terefe, N. S., Williams, G., & Colgrave, M. L. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11040528 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“These findings were supported by a study in rats which showed that the canola protein was highly digestible [92,93].”
Background
Incorporation of canola proteins extracted by electroactivated solutions in gluten‐free biscuit formulation of rice–buckwheat flour blend: assessment of quality characteristics and textural properties of the product
Gerzhova, A., Mondor, M., Benali, M., & Aïder, M. (2016) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.13034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effect of Dietary Fibre Fractions on In Vitro Digestibility of Rapeseed Napin Proteins
Joehnke, M. S., Sørensen, S., Bjergegaard, C., Markedal, K. E., & Sørensen, J. C. (2018) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.2478/pjfns-2018-0005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Use of titanium dioxide doped multi-wall carbon nanotubes as promoter for the growth, biochemical indices of Sesamum indicum L. under heat stress conditions
Mahmoud, N. E., & Abdelhameed, R. M. (2023) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107844 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Monitoring food structure in plant protein gels during digestion: Rheometry and Small Angle Neutron Scattering studies
Napieraj, M., Brûlet, A., Lutton, É., Randrianarisoa, U., Boire, A., & Boué, F. (2022) · Food Structure · doi:10.1016/j.foostr.2022.100270 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Characterization of the Factors that Influence Sinapine Concentration in Rapeseed Meal during Fermentation
Niu, Y., Jiang, M., Guo, M., Wan, C., Hu, S., Hu, J., & Huang, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116470 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“6% of the oilseed production [1].”
Formation and functional attributes of electrostatic complexes involving napin protein isolate and anionic polysaccharides
Stone, A. K., Teymurova, A., Dang, Q., Abeysekara, S., Karalash, A., & Nickerson, M. T. (2014) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-014-2159-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Optimization of Protein Extraction from Rapeseed Oil Cake by Dephenolization Process for Scale-Up Application Using Artificial Neural Networks
Đermanović, B., Vujetić, J., Sedlar, T., Dragojlović, D., Popović, L. M., Kojić, P. S., Jovanov, P. T., & Šarić, B. M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14101762 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Additionally, it provides valuable insight into the structural and physicochemical characteristics of proteins, reflecting changes induced by different extraction and pretreatment methods.”
Improvement in enzymolysis efficiency and bioavailability of rapeseed meal protein concentrate by sequential dual frequency ultrasound pretreatment
Ruan, S., Xiong, J., Li, Y., Huang, S., Wang, X., & Ma, H. (2021) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Extraction, nutrition, functionality and commercial applications of canola proteins as an underutilized plant protein source for human nutrition
Vahedifar, A., & Wu, J. (2022) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.04.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Environmental Impacts of Rapeseed and Turnip Rapeseed Grown in Norway, Rape Oil and Press Cake
Svanes, E., Waalen, W. M., & Uhlen, A. K. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122410407 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effect of milk and rapeseed protein on growth factors in 7–8 year-old healthy children – A randomized controlled trial
Grenov, B., Larnkjær, A., Ritz, C., Michaelsen, K. F., Damsgaard, C. T., & Mølgaard, C. (2021) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101418 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Differential effects of oilseed protein hydrolysates in attenuating inflammation in murine macrophages
Han, R., Hernández‐Álvarez, A. J., Maycock, J., Murray, B. S., & Boesch, C. (2022) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101860 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genomic Regions Associated With Seed Meal Quality Traits in Brassica napus Germplasm
Bhinder, G., Sharma, S., Kaur, H., Akhatar, J., Mittal, M., & Sandhu, S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.882766 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The richness in minerals, vitamins, well-balanced amino acid composition, high levels of sulfur containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine in napin), and efficient protein utilization in humans showed that it can be rated as a high-quality protein, compared to egg and milk proteins (Fleddermann et al., 2013).”
Background
Opinion Piece: New Plant‐Based Food Products Between Technology and Physiology
Schweiggert‐Weisz, U., Etzbach, L., Gola, S., Kulling, S. E., Diekmann, C., Egert, S., & Daniel, H. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202400376 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mapping-by-Sequencing Reveals Genomic Regions Associated with Seed Quality Parameters in Brassica napus
Schilbert, H. M., Pucker, B., Ries, D., Viehöver, P., Micic, Z., Dreyer, F., Beckmann, K., Wittkop, B., Weißhaar, B., & Holtgräwe, D. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13071131 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“napus protein isolates revealed a high bioavailability comparable to animal proteins such as eggs or collagen and are rich in essential amino acids (EAAs) [5].”
Background
Refinement of four major QTL for oil content in Brassica napus by integration of genome resequencing and transcriptomics
Yan, S., Li, H., Chao, H., He, J., Ding, Y., Zhao, W., Zhang, K., Xiong, Y., Chen, K., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · The Crop Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cj.2022.01.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluation Canola Meal on Growing Rabbits; Nutritionally and on Their Nutritional Meat Quality
Sh., A., & El-Reffaei, W. (2015) · doi:10.12691/jfnr-3-4-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“From these obtained results could be pronounced that canola protein has a high biological value that could be sufficient to meet human requirements for essential and non-essential amino acids [80].”
Background
Nitrogen balance after a single oral consumption of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volúbilis L.) protein compared to soy protein: a randomized study in humans
Gonzales, G. F., Tello, J., Zevallos‐Concha, A., Baquerizo-Sedano, L., & Caballero, L. (2017) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.1080/15376516.2017.1373880 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Genetic variation for seed storage protein composition in rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) and development of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration equations
Stolte, N., Vettel, J., & Möllers, C. (2022) · Plant Breeding · doi:10.1111/pbr.13017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
In Silico Proteomic Profiling and Bioactive Peptide Potential of Rapeseed Meal
Garbacz, K., Wawrzykowski, J., Czelej, M., & Waśko, A. D. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14142451 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“%) and a well-balanced amino acid profile, has likewise been shown to be of high nutritional quality and similar bioavailability to soy protein in humans [17].”
Preparation of rapeseed protein by enzymatic hydrolysis assisted alkaline water extraction and its nutritional value in comparison with rapeseed meal and soybean protein concentrate
Du, Z., Chen, D., Sang, N., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Zheng, P., & Yu, B. (2025) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117707 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Food Protein‐Derived Zinc‐Binding Peptides: Isolation, Purification, and Biological Aspects
Mukhamedov, N., Asrorov, A. M., Kayumov, M., Wali, A., Aisa, H. A., Mirzaakhmedov, S. Y., & Yili, A. (2024) · Peptide Science · doi:10.1002/pep2.24369 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) is one of the most widely spread oil-seed crops worldwide and takes second place in the production of oilseed crops [71].”
Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on the Phytochemical and Antioxidative Properties of Rapeseed Oil
Kachel, M., Stryjecka, M., Ślusarczyk, L., Matwijczuk, A. P., Budziak-Wieczorek, I., & Gładyszewski, G. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16020694 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“As to its presence in rapeseeds, it has been empirically demonstrated that the quality of rape protein is comparable to protein found in milk or soya [55,56].”
Background
The Protein Composition and In Vitro Digestive Characteristics of Animal- versus Plant-Based Infant Nutritional Products
Byrne, M. E., Arranz, E., Bot, F., Gómez‐Mascaraque, L. G., Tobin, J. T., O’Mahony, J. A., & O’Callaghan, T. F. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12071469 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“2 of this study is an international standard method to determine the concentration of NPN in milk, TCA precipitation-based methods have previously been utilised in the measurement of NPN both in soy IF [36] and other plant protein-based IF [37,38].”
Method
Oat (Avena sativa L.) fermented by GRAS-grade microorganisms: From improvement of the quality properity and health benefits, safety assessment to potential industrial applications
Lin, H., Fei, T., Liu, X., Lin, X., & Wang, L. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Formulation and biochemical evaluation of designer diet enriched with botanicals for bone health
Yasmeen, A., Arshad, M. S., Ahmad, R. S., Saeed, F., Imran, A., Anjum, F. M., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2020) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.1680 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings are opposite to observed by Fleddermann et al. (2013) who concluded the higher essential amino acid is leucine.”
Result
Utilization of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) cake proteins as a sustainable food ingredient: A comparative study with commercial proteins for antioxidant, techno-functional and vegan cheese properties
Çavdaroğlu, E., Kayı, H., Budak, Y. B., Berk, B., & Yemenicioğlu, A. (2024) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.110712 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rapeseed protein as a sustainable source of protein in humans: modification of rapeseed meal by physical and chemical methods
Du, Z., Zheng, P., Yu, J., Yan, H., Wu, A., Yu, B., & Chen, D. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2508853 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As a novel plant-based protein for meat analogues or milk alternatives, RPC or RPI had the characteristics of low ANFs, high protein, balanced amino acid spectrum, and easy digestion (Bailey, Fanelli, and Stein 2023; Cháirez-Jiménez et al. 2023; Fleddermann et al. 2013; Jia et al. 2021a, 2021b).”
Improving the functional properties of canola protein isolate through electrostatic coacervation with soluble fraction of Tragacanth gum
Moghadam, A., Ghorbani‐HasanSaraei, A., Rafe, A., Fazeli, F., & Shahidi, S. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148103 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of food processing on dietary protein quality: A systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis of in-vitro studies and randomised controlled trials
Leong, Z. N., Mak, I. E. K., Chen, Y., Du, X., & Kim, J. E. (2026) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105725 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Digestion, Metabolism, and Health Effects of Plant Proteins and Their Food Formulations: A Systematic Scoping Review of Clinical Postprandial Studies and in vitro Methods
Partanen, M., Liikonen, V., Väkeväinen, K., Gómez-Gallego, C., & Kolehmainen, M. (2025) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2025.2525430 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, when ingested in a drink, the rate of digestibility of amino acids from rapeseed protein isolates was comparable with that from soy isolate, [49] while some differences in the amino acid profile between the two proteins were observed after a pasta meal.”
Scientific Report: Study of national plant proteins with potential for application in plant-based products
da Silva, A. M. M., Noguera, N. H., do Carmo, A. S., Malagodi, S. S., Netto, F. M., Gigante, M. L., & Sato, A. C. K. (2024) · doi:10.22491/978-65-87080-69-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Decoding the chemodiversity-bioactivity nexus in Suaeda salsa: Nutritional significance and biotechnological applications of a halophytic species
Wang, H., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Chen, W. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105201 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Transport engineering as a strategy to realize rapeseed's potential as a protein‐rich food
Thorsen, J. S., Xu, D., & Halkier, B. A. (2025) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.70343 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Canola Protein Hydrolysates Show Osteogenic Activity in MC3T3‐E1 Cells
Shi, D., Fernando, I. P. S., Vahedifar, A., Ghosh, S., & Wu, J. (2025) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.70210 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This de-oiled meal is mainly used in the animal market as animal feed in ruminant, swine, poultry, or aquaculture diets due to its high-quality protein (Chmielewska et al. 2021; Fleddermann et al. 2013).”
Application of Microorganisms for the Valorization of Side-Products of Rapeseed De-Oiling
Binczarski, M. J., Zuberek, J. Z., Frączyk, J., Kolesińska, B., Radojčin, M. T., Pavkov, I., Wiktorowska-Sowa, E., Piotrowski, J. A., Kaminski, Z. J., & Witońska, I. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15070917 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development of food products with addition of rapeseed presscake fermented by Rhizopus
Lücke, F., Tannhäuser, K., Sharma, A., & Fritz, V. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2018-0484 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Drying kinetics of Hyola 430 hybrid canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds
Costa, L. M., Resende, O., de Oliveira, D. E. C., Carvalho, J. M. G., Bueno, S. G. S., & Quequeto, W. D. (2020) · Australian Journal of Crop Science · doi:10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p2400 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Given the economic potential of this crop, up to the present time several studies have been carried out on aspects such as yield (Rosa et al., 2011), adaptation (Lima et al., 2017), cultivation (Fard et al., 2018), irrigation (Sanches et al., 2014) and oil quality (Fleddermann et al., 2013).”
Background
STUDY OF THE PROTEIN EXTRACTION PROCESS FROM RAPESEED FLOUR
Yakovleva, A., Uschapovskiy, V., Zayceva, L. M., & Миневич, И. Э. (2025) · Вестник Красноярского государственного аграрного университета · doi:10.36718/1819-4036-2025-3-219-228 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Green Valorization of Dairy Waste: Protocols for Sustainable Protein Recovery
Maqsood, S., Khalid, W., Arshad, M. T., Kalman, D., Mzoughi, M., & Sağlam, K. (2025) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4646-5_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of processing of canola protein isolate on postprandial plasma amino acid profiles in healthy, young females
Boot, N., Hermans, W. J. H., Warnke, I., Overman, A., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Senden, J. M., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2025) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-025-03482-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“So far, only one study has compared postprandial plasma amino acid responses following ingestion of a hydrolyzed versus intact canola protein (Fleddermann et al. 2013).”
Intensification of Palmaria palmata protein biorefinery using multifrequency ultrasonication and enzymes
Sada, O. M. E., van Bers, R. W. J. C., Wijffels, R. H., Huijgen, W. J. J., Kazbar, A., & Boboescu, I. Z. (2026) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107783 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For P. palmata , it has been reported that the presence of the mix-linked β -(1 → 3)(1 → 4)-D-xylan cell wall matrix not only hinders the extraction of proteins, but also reduces their digestibility in the human digestive system by 50% [19,20].”
Enhanced Protein Recovery from Rapeseed Press Cake via Pressurized Liquid Extraction: Effects of pH Shifting and Process Parameters
Vasileiou, C., Drosou, C., Sideri, I. C., Stergiopoulos, C., & Krokida, M. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16105012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rapeseed Protein–Fiber Concentrate as a Novel Ingredient for Pasta Production: Technological and Quality Characteristics
Axentii, M., Codină, G. G., Andrade, J. E., & Rotaru, A. (2026) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels12070560 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Similar improvements have been reported in studies evaluating rapeseed protein isolates and other plant-based enrichments, where PDCAAS values approached those of high-quality proteins despite minimal changes in digestibility [54].”
Studies on Sinapine Removal in Surface-Active Substances Extracted from Defatted Rapeseed Cake
Lee, E., Kim, S.-S., Shin, J., Chun, J., Kim, S., Lee, K., & Hong, S. (2015) · Food Engineering Progress · doi:10.13050/foodengprog.2015.19.4.408
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Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance – A randomized cross-over intervention study in human
Fleddermann, M., Fechner, A., Rößler, A., Bähr, M., Pastor, A., Liebert, F., & Jahreis, G. (2013) · GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)
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The poor digestibility of rapeseed protein is balanced by its very high metabolic utilization in humans.
Bos, C., Airinei, G., Mariotti, F., Benamouzig, R., Bérot, S., Evrard, J., Fénart, E., Tomé, D., & Gaudichon, C. (2007) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/137.3.594 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Authors: Fleddermann, M., Fechner, A., Rößler, A., Bähr, M., Pastor, A., Liebert, F., & Jahreis, G.
Affiliations: Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
University of Göttingen (DE)
Corresponding author: Jahreis, Gerhard
ORCID: Fleddermann, Manja
Venue: Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-08
Volume: 32
Issue: 4
Pages: 519-526
ISSN: 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.005
OpenAlex: W2042494478
Cited by: 114
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 2.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
GRO (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
Keywords: rapeseed protein, soy protein isolate, protein digestibility, plasma amino acids, nitrogen balance, protein bioavailability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acids, Animals, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Nitrogen, Nutritive Value, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Rats, Wistar, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Brassica rapa, Soybean Proteins, Rats, Young Adult

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Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance--a randomized cross-over intervention study in humans

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