The right to be forgotten in the light of the consent of the data subject
Open accessAbstract
Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued decision C-131/12, which was considered a major breakthrough in Internet data protection. The general public welcomed this decision as an actualization of the controversial “right to be forgotten”, which was introduced in the initial draft for a new regulation on data protection and repeatedly amended, due to objections by various Member States and major companies involved in massive processing of personal data. This paper attempts to delve into the content of that decision and examine if it indeed involves the right to be forgotten, if such a right exists at all, and to what extent it can be stated and enforced.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The GDPR anticipates a right to withdraw (revoke) consent, which was missing from the DPD.
“Notwithstanding this deficiency, the GDPR anticipates for a right to withdraw (revoke) consent, a fact that has been warmly applauded since this explicit reference to the right to withdraw consent was missing from the DPD [73,92].”
From Forgetting personal data and revoking consent under the GDPR: Challenges and proposed solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
The Google Spain judgement does not create a RtbF, as the CJEU could not enforce a right that does not exist in the current legislation, but simply applies the RtbF which was already present (although not explicitly mentioned) in the existing legal framework, extending the lawfully published information right and the right to object.
“Yet, contrary to general impression, it has been pointed out by many scholars [112,133,92] and the Commission itself that the Google Spain judgement does not create a RtbF, as the CJEU could not enforce a right that does not exist in the current legislation, but simply applies the RtbF which was already present (although not explicitly mentioned) in the existing legal framework, extending the law”
From Forgetting personal data and revoking consent under the GDPR: Challenges and proposed solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
According to extended legal analysis, the RtbF is a novelty and has a broader scope than any of the existing rights, and its unique feature is its retro-activity.
“According to extended legal analysis [52,92], the right is a novelty and has a broader scope than any of the existing rights whereas its unique feature, which makes it different from the rights granted by the existing legislation, is its retro-activity.”
From Forgetting personal data and revoking consent under the GDPR: Challenges and proposed solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
In 2014, the CJEU tried to tackle the need for forgetting through the Google Spain decision which forced Google to take down harmful personal information from its search results.
“Amidst the social and philosophical discussions on the criticality of forgetfulness in digital era, in 2014 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) tried to tackle the need for forgetting through the infamous Google Spain decision which forced Google to take down harmful personal information from its search results [133,92].”
From Forgetting personal data and revoking consent under the GDPR: Challenges and proposed solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Warren, S. D., & Brandeis, L. D. (1890) · University of Washington Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780295803661-014 · Cited by 4,092 · see citing works
A history and theory of informed consent
Spiro, H. M. (1987) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90657-3 · Cited by 1,417 · see citing works
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
Macke, J. (2006) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 666 · see citing works
European Court of Human Rights
Altıparmak, K., & Karahanoğulları, O. (2006) · European Constitutional Law Review · doi:10.1017/s1574019606002689 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Prosser, W. L. (1960) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/3478805 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Hurd, H. M. (1996) · Legal Theory · doi:10.1017/s1352325200000434 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Rouvroy, A., & Poullet, Y. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9498-9_2 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Privacy as an aspect of human dignity: an answer to Dean Prosser
Bloustein, E. J. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511625138.007 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Mantelero, A. (2013) · Computer Law & Security Review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2013.03.010 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Nudging privacy: The behavioral economics of personal information
Acquisti, A. (2009) · IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2009.163 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Rethinking informed consent in bioethics
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2065 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Consent in European Data Protection Law
Kosta, E. (2013) · doi:10.1163/9789004232365 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The crisis of consent: how stronger legal protection may lead to weaker consent in data protection
Schermer, B. W., Custers, B. H. M., & van der Hof, S. (2014) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-014-9343-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Handbook on European data protection law
European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights - FRA (2019) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9992-20180046 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ajana, B. (2009) · Identity in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s12394-009-0025-3 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Reforming European Data Protection Law
Gutwirth, S., Leenes, R. E., & Hert, P. D. (2014) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9385-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Crisis of Consent: How Stronger Legal Protection May Lead to Weaker Consent in Data ProtectionPreprint
Schermer, B. W., Custers, B. H. M., & van der Hof, S. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2412418 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The EU Data Protection Directive, Information Privacy, and the Public Interest
Cate, F. H. (1995) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Consent in Data Protection Law: Privacy, Fair Processing and Confidentiality
Brownsword, R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9498-9_4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
(2007) · Hart Publishing eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781472563866 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The ‘Right to Be Forgotten’: Ten Reasons Why It Should Be Forgotten
Markou, C. N. (2014) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9385-8_8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Revoking consent: a ‘blind spot’ in data protection law?
Curren, L., & Kaye, J. (2010) · Computer Law & Security Review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2010.03.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dottrine generali del diritto civile
Santoro-Passarelli, F. (1964) · Eugenio Jovene eBooks · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Data Mining and Internet Profiling: Emerging Regulatory and Technological Approaches
Rubinstein, I., Lee, R. D., & Schwartz, P. M. (2008) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Elgesem, D. (1999) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1010076422893 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Frantziou, E. (2014) · Human Rights Law Review · doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngu033 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fauvarque-Cosson, B., & Mazeaud, D. (2009) · doi:10.1515/9783866537255 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Behavioral Advertising: The Offer You Can't Refuse
Hoofnagle, C. J., Soltani, A., Good, N. S., & Wambach, D. J. (2012) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Goldstein, J. (1975) · The Yale Law Journal · doi:10.2307/795389 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Behavioral Advertising: The Offer You Cannot RefusePreprint
Hoofnagle, C. J., Soltani, A., Good, N. A., Wambach, D. J., & Ayenson, M. D. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rauhofer, J. (2015) · European Data Protection Law Review · doi:10.21552/edpl/2015/1/5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Google Spain SL v. Agencia Esñpaola de Protección de Datos (AEPD)
Kropf, J. W. (2014) · American Journal of International Law · doi:10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.3.0502 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The principles of European Contract Law
Cauffman, C. (2001) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Google and the Right to Be Forgotten (Case C-131/12, Google Spain)
Kranenborg, H. (2015) · European Data Protection Law Review · doi:10.21552/edpl/2015/1/13 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eecke, P. V., & Cornette, A. (2014) · Computer Law Review International · doi:10.9785/cri-2014-0403 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Right to Be Forgotten: Forced Amnesia in a Technological AgePreprint
Bolton, R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Death of the Public Disclosure Tort: A Historical Perspective
Barbas, S. (2010) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Iglezakis, I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2472323 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
V.j., V. H. J. (2013) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/51998 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
El derecho al olvido y su protección: a partir de la protección de datos.
Lombarte, A. R. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Google v Spain: is there now a 'right to be forgotten'?
Crowther, H. (2014) · Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice · doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpu148 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Thousand Words Are Worth a Picture: A Privacy Tort Response to Consumer Data ProfilingPreprint
McClurg, A. J. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Palop, A. B. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A New Approach to EU Data Protection – More Control over Personal Data and Increased Responsibility
Giurgiu, A., & Lommel, G. (2014) · Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/2193-7869-2014-1-10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Eecke, P. V., & Cornette, A. (2014) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kulk, S., & Borgesius, F. Z. (2014) · European Journal of Risk Regulation · doi:10.1017/s1867299x00003949 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Die datenschutzrechtliche Zustimmung
Reimer, S. (2010) · University of Vienna · doi:10.25365/thesis.13454 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salarelli, A. (2014) · E-LIS Repository (University of Naples Federico II) · doi:10.4403/jlis.it-10283 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Google v. Spain : A Right To Be Forgotten?Preprint
Cofone, I. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Consent in Licenses of Personality Rights
Gisclard, T. (2014) · European Review of Private Law/Revue européenne de droit privé/Europäische Zeitschrift für Privatrecht · doi:10.54648/erpl2014033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dedek, H. (2011) · Zeitschrift für das Privatrecht der Europäischen Union · doi:10.1515/gpr.2011.8.3.124 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A New Approach to EU Data Protection
Giurgiu, A., & Lommel, G. (2014) · Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Revoca del consenso ed interesse al trattamento nella legge sulla protezione dei dati personali
Resta, G. (2000) · Iris (Roma Tre University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mantelero, A. (2020) · PORTO@Iris · doi:10.13134/978-88-97524-27-4/7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Practical Implementation of the Right to Be Forgotten in the Context of the Google Spain DecisionPreprint
Krošlák, D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The right to be forgotten: an analysis of the CJEU´s Google Spain judgment.
de Carvalho, S. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Privacy in the information society and the principle of necessity
Bartolini, C. (2013) · Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBurden, K. (2015) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2014.12.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
10 of the 69 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Burden K. EU update. Comput Law Secur Rev 2015;31(1):139-45.
- di Cassazione C. III sezione civile. Sentenza 9 Aprile 1998, N. 3679. Il Foro Ital 1998;121(6):1833/1834-39/1840.
- Dubois P-A. Search engines and data protection -a welcome practical approach by the advocate general. CTLR 2013;19(7):206-8.
- Geiger A. Die einwilligung in die verarbeitung von persönlichen daten als ausübung des rechts auf informationelle selbstbestimmung. NVwZ 1989;8(1):35-7.
- Kelsey E. Google Spain SL and Google Inc v AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez: protection of personal data, freedom of information and the 'right to be forgotten'. Eur Hum Rights Law Rev 2014;4:395-400.
- Kranenborg H. Google and the right to be forgotten. EDPL 2015;1(1):70-9.
- Kulk S, Zuiderveen Borgesius FJ. Google Spain v. González: did the court forget about freedom of expression? Eur J Risk Regul 2014;3:389-98.
- Messinetti D. Circolazione dei dati personali e dispositivi di regolazione dei poteri individuali. Riv Crit Dir Priv 1998;16(3):339-407.
- Peron S. Il Diritto All'oblio Nell'era Dell'informazione On-Line. Resp Civ Prev 2014;4:1177-91.
- Popovici A. Personality rights -a civil law concept. Loyola Law Rev 2004;50(2):349-58.
- Prosser WL. Privacy. Calif Law Rev 1960;48(3):383-423.
- Rallo Lombarte A. El Derecho Al Olvido Y Su Protección. Telos 2010;85:104-8.
- Resta G, Zeno-Zencovich V, editors. Il Diritto All'Oblio Su Internet Dopo La Sentenza Google Spain, vol. 3. Consumatori E Mercato. Roma TrE-Press; 2015.
- Robbers G. Der grundrechtsverzicht. zum grundsatz 'volenti non fit iniuria' im verfassungsrecht. JuS 1985;25(12):925-31.
- Rodotà S. Elaboratori elettronici E controllo sociale, vol. 2. Quaderni dell'Irsta. Strada Maggiore 37, 40125 Bologna, Italy: Il Mulino; 1973.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Forgetting personal data and revoking consent under the GDPR: Challenges and proposed solutions
Politou, E., Alepis, E., & Patsakis, C. (2018) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyy001 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The General Data Protection Regulation
Politou, E., Alepis, E., Virvou, M. K., & Patsakis, C. (2021) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85443-0_3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Backups and the right to be forgotten in the GDPR: An uneasy relationship
Politou, E., Michota, A. K., Alepis, E., Pocs, M., & Patsakis, C. (2018) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2018.08.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Right to Erasure in EU Data Protection Law
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.001.0001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and the Right to Be Forgotten in Europe
Kulk, S., & Borgesius, F. Z. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831960.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Right to Be Forgotten in the European Perspective
Razmetaeva, Y. (2020) · TalTech Journal of European Studies · doi:10.1515/bjes-2020-0004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The General Data Protection Regulation: A Law for the Digital Age?
Mitrou, L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64955-9_2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
BETWEEN FOOTPRINTS: BALANCING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND PRIVACY IN SMART TOURISM DESTINATIONS
Masseno, M. D., & Santos, C. T. (2018) · Revista Eletrônica do Curso de Direito da UFSM · doi:10.5902/1981369432343 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Data Processing and Legal Protection in Contracts in the Technologically Innovative Tourism Sector
Tassikas, A. D. (2021) · European journal of tourism, hospitality and recreation · doi:10.2478/ejthr-2021-0008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fernandes, J., Machado, C. F. D. S. C., & Amaral, L. A. (2020) · Management and industrial engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-40896-1_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Uncular, S. (2018) · International Review of Law Computers & Technology · doi:10.1080/13600869.2018.1533752 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Foundations of Data Protection Law
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jussila, J.-P. (2018) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
La responsabilidad de las redes sociales: el caso de Ashley Madison
Alcón, A. P. (2017) · Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado · doi:10.22201/iij.24484873e.2017.150.11839 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saygın, D., & YILMAZ, Y. E. (2023) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18037/ausbd.1257429 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hamsin, M. K., Halim, A., & Anggriawan, R. (2024) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202420407001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adatvédelem a XXI. században és az internet világában
Meszaros, J. G. (2017) · doi:10.14232/phd.3998 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marzano, G. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch360 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rzepiiski, W. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3005226
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0005
Conditions of the Right to Erasure
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0004
Open Questions on Balancing in the GDPR
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0007
The Right to Erasure in Practice
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0008
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0003
Law in Technological World: Key Points of Changes
Razmetaeva, Y. (2019) · Philosophy of Law and General Theory of Law · doi:10.21564/2227-7153.2019.1.186460
Ram, D. (2021) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7927-5.ch010
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0009
Marzano, G. (2018) · Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7368-5.ch035
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0001
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.003.0006
Nemitz, P. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0005
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0012
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0009
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0010
Kuner, C., & Greenleaf, G. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0006
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0004
Ausloos, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198847977.002.0011
Implementation of Digital Data Erasure: an Interdisciplinary PerspectivePreprint
Conti, Y., & Schoenenberger, Y. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5018669
Leony, E., & Sendrawan, T. (2025) · Journal of Law and Regulation Governance · doi:10.57185/jlarg.v2i12.78
- Authors
- Bartolini, C., & Siry, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Corresponding author
- Bartolini, Cesare
- Siry, Lawrence
- Venue
- Computer Law & Security Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 218-237
- ISSN
- 2212-473X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2280446908
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 50.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computer law & security review (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Law › Freedom of Expression and Defamation
- Social Sciences › Law › European and International Contract Law
- Keywords
- right to be forgotten, Court of Justice of the European Union, personal data protection, search engines, search engine results, GDPR, data subject rights
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review