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The bidirectional immune crosstalk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Open accessAbstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an unabated risk factor for end-stage liver diseases with no available therapies. Dysregulated immune responses are critical culprits of MASLD pathogenesis. Independent contributions from either the innate or adaptive arms of the immune system or their unidirectional interplay are commonly studied in MASLD. However, the bidirectional communication between innate and adaptive immune systems and its impact on MASLD remain insufficiently understood. Given that both innate and adaptive immune cells are indispensable for the development and progression of inflammation in MASLD, elucidating pathogenic contributions stemming from the bidirectional interplay between these two arms holds potential for development of novel therapeutics for MASLD. Here, we review the immune cell types and bidirectional pathways that influence the pathogenesis of MASLD and highlight potential pharmacologic approaches to combat MASLD based on current knowledge of this bidirectional crosstalk.
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“The roles of Tregs in MASLD and MASH remain unclear, with emerging evidence suggesting that their hepatic accumulation and functional relevance may vary depending on the disease model employed (Sawada et al. 2023).”
From The double-edged sword of regulatory T cells in MASLD: from inflammation control to fibrosis promotion (2026) · cites this paper as Sawada et al. 2023
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Items 101–127 of 127
Liu, J., Wu, J., & Zheng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1888293
Jiang, J., Mao, X., Lou, W., Lou, W., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Xie, Q., & Lai, R. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17080948
“Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated immune responses and defective resolution of inflammation are central to the pathogenesis of at-risk MASH [9].”
Liu, H., Qi, C., Lu, R., An, C., Wang, Y., Li, S., Zhu, R., Feng, X., & Gao, H. (2026) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-026-00902-4 · Cited by 1
“This cellular shift aligns with the established paradigm that MASH progression is driven by an innate immune-dominant inflammatory milieu at the expense of adaptive immune surveillance [32, 33].”
Park, S., Komatsu, T., Misumi, K., Okuzaki, D., & Shimokawa, I. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18142332
“This inflammatory priming is further corroborated by a significant shift in intrahepatic T-cell dynamics, specifically the reduced Cd4 and increased Tnfa [14,33–37].”
Bandara, D., Joshi, K., Singh, C. M., Sohal, A., Al-Qaisi, M. T., & Najafian, N. (2026) · World Journal of Virology · doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.120027
Lee, K. L., Wee, H., Teng, Z.-Y., Tay, H.-M., Chee, Y.-J., Tan, E., Dan, Y., Muthiah, M., Dalan, R., Hou, H.-W., et al. (2026) · Stem cell research & therapeutics · doi:10.1186/s13287-026-05130-1
“Endothelial dysfunction promotes aberrant immune cell adhesion and transmigration, amplifying inflammation and accelerating atherosclerosis [45, 46].”
Liver endothelial zonation orchestrates hepatic steatosis onset through retinoic acid–regulated FGF1
Fang, Z., Che, B., Ling, Y., Liu, P., Liu, J., Song, P., Yue, Z. H., Ruan, B., Lin, Z., Xu, H. X., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aed4384 · Cited by 1
“Despite its escalating burden, MASLD remains a therapeutic enigma due to its heterogenous pathogenesis involving intricate interactions among lipotoxicity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory pathway, and extrahepatic factors ( 4 – 8 ).”
Cardiovascular‐Kidney‐Metabolic Syndrome: Conceptualising an Approach to Health Economic Modelling
FOOS, V., Chen, J., McEwan, P. C., Evans, M., Jhund, P. S., Kalra, P. R., Hongtu Zhu, B., Wheeler, D. C., Roberts, G. M., Cowie, M., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70976
Gao, Z., Lin, J., Tang, H., Li, A., Li, R., Xu, A., Hu, R., Xu, S., Zhang, M., Yang, W., et al. (2026) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-026-00780-w
“Conversely, the immune cells within this microenvironment and their secreted cytokines may provide feedback to tumor cells, promoting the maintenance and development of malignant phenotypes [77].”
Ratter-Rieck, J. M., Zepina, A., Huttasch, M., Kupriyanova, Y., Petrera, A., Trenkamp, S., Wagner, R., Schrauwen‐Hinderling, V. B., Herder, C., Roden, M., et al. (2026) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.70693
“In addition to innate immune cells, peripheral and hepatic T cells have been associated with alterations in hepatic energy metabolism, specifically in the context of MASLD progression to MASH [13–15].”
When Fat Goes Astray: Your Liver and Pancreas Get Into Trouble
Chen, Y., Ding, L., Zhao, S., Wang, W. B., Zhong, J., & Yan, Q. (2026) · Portal hypertension & cirrhosis · doi:10.1002/poh2.70049
Yang, M., Olaoba, O. T., Chinwo, S., LeVasseur, H. L., Zhou, B., Kimchi, E. T., Staveley-O’Carroll, K. F., & Li, G. (2026) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i14.117396
Zhang, Y.-H., Li, Y.-F., Lan, J., Wang, L., Fan, G., Yang, Y., Luo, R.-Y., Han, Q., Liu, R., Huang, B., et al. (2026) · World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine · doi:10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_69_25
Juan-García, C. A. S., Escamilla, R. I., Cruz-Romero, L., Hernández-Silva, C. D., Fernández-Quezada, D., la Cruz-Mosso, U. D., Pereira-Suárez, A. L., Haramati, J., Ramírez-López, I. G., Macías‐Barragán, J., et al. (2026) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v18.i3.115111
Zhang, R., Yang, Y., Xiao, F., He, Y., Chai, Y., Qiu, J., Zhu, Q., Sun, W., Chen, M., & Xu, Z. (2026) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-026-02220-x
“Growing evidence demonstrates that the immunological facets of MASLD have become one focus of investigation, indicating a crucial role for innate immunity [ 4 ].”
Wang, H., Lv, H., Zhang, X., Liu, M., & Wang, L.-Y. (2026) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2026.13861
“Under HFD conditions, the genetic deficiency of CD40L attenuates diet‑induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and systemic IR in mice (111).”
Periodontitis Induces B Cell‐Macrophage Crosstalk to Exacerbate Glucose Dysregulation in Obesity
Lin, W., Zhou, L., Ye, H.-L., Liu, T., Chen, B., Bai, X., Zhang, J., Bai, L., Du, L.-J., Liu, Y., et al. (2026) · Advancement of science · doi:10.1002/advs.202517653
“For example, peritoneal macrophages promote B1 cell survival through IL-6 secretion [ 57 ], whereas type I interferons and B cell-activating factors mediate communication in other contexts [ 56 ].”
Hemati, H., Blanton, M. B., Rutt, L. N., Keiran, N., Geron, R. D., Lima, F., McCullough, R. L., & Messaoudi, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1783132 · Cited by 1
“The chronic in fl ammatory milieu established in MASLD and MetALD may disrupt normal bone marrow hematopoiesis, thereby impairing immune competence (65) and exacerbating liver pathology (11, 66).”
Zinc suppresses Stat3-driven IL-6 production in primary mouse adipocytes
Chung, H., Eom, J., Damen, M. S. M. A., Stankiewicz, T. E., Sawada, K., Alarcon, P. C., Ulanowicz, C. J., Wayland, J. L., Deepe, G. S., & Divanovic, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1714168
“Further, IL-6 is essential for the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th17 cells (8) and sustaining pathogenic Th17 cell subset (9), both of which are considered primary culprits of obesity-associated liver in fl ammation (10, 11).”
Self-citationCens, A., Staels, B., & Paumelle, R. (2026) · Revue Francophone des Laboratoires · doi:10.1016/s1773-035x(26)76566-7 · Cited by 1
Chen, X., Nguyen, N., Turner, S. E., Tai, A., Abdelmalek, M. F., Covic, L., & Kuliopulos, A. (2026) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2026.101796
“7 Incretin therapies such as tir-zepatide and semaglutide can confer weight loss and reduce liver fat mainly by curtailing appetite and improving insulin sensitivity but do not directly target liver tissue.”
Ahim, S. S., Shalamzari, P. F., Nesaei, F., Khajeh, F., Sheikholeslami, S. A., Jorshari, S. T., Banikarim, S. A., & Nikpour, N. (2026) · Journal of Nephropathology · doi:10.34172/jnp.2026.27688
Gao, Q., Yan, L., & Wang, L. (2026) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2026.2615741
“…can in turn amplify the systemic inflammatory response in RA, forming a bidirectional regulatory loop between hepatic and joint inflammation; [74] this intricate connection underscores the necessity of developing comprehensive therapeutic strategies for RA that address both joint and liver…”
Jin, H., Wang, X.-Y., Liu, X.-J., Zhang, D., & Sun, G.-Y. (2026) · Journal of Immunological Research · doi:10.1155/jimr/6950401
“Both innate and adaptive immune dysregulation have been implicated as critical drivers of MASLD pathogenesis [3].”
Gerelkhuu, Z., Park, S., Kim, Y., Lee, S. W., Jun, D., & Yoon, T. (2025) · PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications · doi:10.1002/prca.70022
“The liver’s unique immunological environment plays a critical role in MASLD pathogenesis, with various immune cell populations actively participating in disease initiation and progression [4–6].”
CD4+ T cells promote fibrosis during metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
Valenzuela-Pérez, L., Lee, H. S. K., Bayer, R. L., Mishra, S. K., Washington, A. M., Guo, Q., Herman, A., Graham, R., Sidahmed, M. M., Ssali, E., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.660220
Teng, L., Luo, L., Sun, Y., Wang, W., Dong, Z., Cao, X., Ye, J., & Zhong, B. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010152 · Cited by 3
“…individuals with MASLD progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, which is characterized by more severe steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning renal failure [5], and about 20% of them advance to end-stage liver disease, potentially necessitating liver transplantation.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sawada, K., Chung, H., Softic, S., Moreno-Fernandez, M. E., & Divanovic, S.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Divanovic, Senad
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-11
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1852-1871
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10680147
- OpenAlex
- W4388452323
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 316
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 32
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (17POST33650045)
- CCHMC
- Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (R01DK099222)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH2010392)
- American Diabetes Association (1-18-IBS-100)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, liver inflammation, immune cell types, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Liver, Humans, Inflammation, Metabolic Diseases, Pancreas, Risk Factors
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