“DNT LET ’EM H8 U!”: Applying the routine activity framework to understand cyberhate victimization among adolescents across eight countries
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Victims may even seek revenge.
“and even seek revenge (Wachs et al., 2020).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Wachs et al., 2020
Three publications, related to two studies, used vignettes with participants being asked to consider incidents of hate speech experience over the course of their lives.
“Three publications, related to two studies, used vignettes with participants being asked to consider incidents of hate speech experience over the course of their lives (Soral et al., 2018; Wachs et al., 2020).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Wachs et al., 2020
Both groups were equally likely to become victims of cyberhate.
“but that both groups were equally likely to become victims of cyberhate (Elpus & Carter, 2016; Räsänen et al., 2016; Wachs et al.,2020; Wachs & Wright, 2018).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Wachs et al., 2020
For those perpetrators identified, such characteristics included, for instance, prejudicial views of minorities or toxic online disinhibition.
“For those perpetrators identified, such characteristics included, for instance, prejudicial views of minorities (Blaya et al., 2020; Wachs et al., 2020) or toxic online disinhibition (Wachs & Wright, 2018).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Wachs et al., 2020
The scope of the definitions even varied across publications taken from the same studies.
“The scope of the definitions even varied across publications taken from the same studies (e.g., Wachs & Wright, 2018, 2020).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Wachs & Wright, 2020
Cites
Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094589 · Cited by 8,856 · see citing works
Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x · Cited by 3,322 · see citing works
LOW SELF‐CONTROL, ROUTINE ACTIVITIES, AND FRAUD VICTIMIZATION*
HOLTFRETER, K., REISIG, M. D., & PRATT, T. C. (2008) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00101.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization
Soral, W., Bilewicz, M., & Winiewski, M. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21737 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0137-2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Wachs, S., & Wright, M. F. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15092030 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationTargets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization Among Young Finnish Facebook Users
Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Keipi, T., Näsi, M., & Oksanen, A. (2016) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00079 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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Kansok-Dusche, J., Ballaschk, C., Krause, N., Zeißig, A., Seemann-Herz, L., Wachs, S., & Bilz, L. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221108070 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Three publications provided group differences based on age (Räsänen et al., 2016; Wachs et al., 2019, 2021a) and two, respectively, on socio-economic status (Oksanen et al., 2014; Wachs & Wright, 2019) and with regards to respondents’ country of residence (Wachs et al., 2019, 2021a).”
InfluentialSelf-citationYouths as targets: factors of online hate speech victimization among adolescents and young adults
Obermaier, M., & Schmuck, D. (2022) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac012 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hate speech in adolescents: A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences
Castellanos, M., Wettstein, A., Wachs, S., Kansok-Dusche, J., Ballaschk, C., Krause, N., & Bilz, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1076249 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationUntitled work
American Psychological Association (n.d.) · American Psychological Association
- Authors
- Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M. F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E.-Y., Sittichai, R., Biswal, R., Singh, R., Almendros, C., Gámez-Guadix, M., Gӧrzig, A., & Hong, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Clemson University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Neapolis University Pafos (CY)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Korea Broadcast Advertising Corporation (South Korea) (KR)
- Sogang University (KR)
- Prince of Songkla University (TH)
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela (IN)
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (IN)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wachs, Sebastian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 160
- Pages
- 104026
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3088121402
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 8.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
- UWL Repository (University of West London) (submittedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- routine activity theory, adolescents, online hate, parental mediation, media education, cross-national comparison
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