LOW SELF‐CONTROL, ROUTINE ACTIVITIES, AND FRAUD VICTIMIZATION*
Abstract
Recent research has used both routine activity/lifestyle frameworks and self‐control theory to explain victimization. Thus far, combined tests of these theories have focused on offending populations and street crime victimization. Whether these frameworks also explain exposure to and likelihood of nonviolent victimization (e.g., fraud) in general‐population samples remains an open empirical question. Building on prior work, we assess the independent effects of routine consumer activities (i.e., remote purchasing) and low self‐control on the likelihood of fraud targeting and victimization. Using a representative sample of 922 adults from a statewide survey in Florida, the results confirm our expectation that remote‐purchasing activities increase consumers' risk of being targeted for fraud. Low self‐control has no effect on whether consumers are targeted, but it does significantly increase the likelihood of fraud victimization.
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Other surveys on fraud have found little to no association between race and risk of victimization, but sample sizes were significantly smaller and these studies focused on online forms of fraud.
“Other surveys on fraud have found little to no association between race and risk of victimization (e.g., Holtfreter et al. 2008;Mesch and Dodel 2018), but sample sizes were significantly smaller and these studies focused on online forms of fraud.”
From Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization (2024) · cites this paper as Holtfreter et al. 2008
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On the overlap between victimization and offending: A review of the literature
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“Recent research has, however, addressed this issue with the work of Holtfreter and colleagues, which revealed that low self-control is predictive of fraud and online victimization (see Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt, 2008; Holtfreter et al., 2010; Reisig, Pratt, and Holtfreter, 2009).”
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“…across different samples (e.g., Cohen, Felson, & Land, 1980; Cohen, Kluegel, & Land, 1981; Fisher, Daigle, & Cullen, 2010; Fisher et al., 1998; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Miethe & Meier, 1990; Mustaine & Tewksbury, 1999; Pratt et al., 2010; Schreck & Fisher, 2004; Schreck, Wright, & Miller,…”
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“Early efforts to apply routine activity theory to crimes in which the victim and offender do not intersect in time and space have yielded mixed, but encouraging results (e.g., Choi 2008; Holt and Bossler 2009; Holtfreter et al. 2008; Marcum, Higgins, and Ricketts 2010; Pratt et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAn Assessment of the Current State of Cybercrime Scholarship
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“…not only is an advance for the low self-control and delinquency (Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Gottfredson, 2006) and victimization (Forde & Kennedy, 1997; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Piquero et al., 2005; Schreck, 1999; Schreck et al., 2002, 2006) literatures but also contributes to recent literature…”
Result“Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop”: Self-Control, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization
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“…to be among the strongest predictors of victimization across a variety of contexts and in many forms, even when controlling for other robust criminogenic risk factors (Baron et al. 2007; Fox et al. 2009; Higgins et al. 2009; Holtfreter et al. 2008, 2010; Kerley et al. 2009; Piquero et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOn-line Activities, Guardianship, and Malware Infection: An Examination of Routine Activities Theory
Bossler, A. M., & Holt, T. J. (2009) · International journal of cyber criminology · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Cybercrime Victimization: An Examination of Individual and Situational Level Factors
Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE OVERLAP OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS*
Schreck, C. J., Stewart, E. A., & Osgood, D. W. (2008) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00127.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“Evidence has accumulated to suggest that low self-control significantly exacerbates victimization risk (Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt, 2008; Piquero et al., 2005; Schreck, 1999; Schreck, Stewart, and Fisher, 2006; Schreck, Wright, and Miller, 2002; Stewart, Elifson, and Sterk, 2004).”
The effect of self-control on victimization in the cyberworld
Bossler, A. M., & Holt, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Pratt, T. C., & Turanovic, J. J. (2015) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2015.1057351 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Accordingly, studies linking self-control and lifestyle/routine activity theories have been conducted (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Schreck et al., 2006; Stewart et al., 2004) and this work has proven quite useful in explaining victimization (Franklin, 2011; Pratt et al., 2014; Reyns, Henson, & Fisher,…”
MethodSelf-citationCriminal and Routine Activities in Online Settings: Gangs, Offenders, and the Internet
Pyrooz, D. C., Decker, S. H., & Moule, R. K. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.778326 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Going Cyber: Using Routine Activities Theory to Predict Cyberbullying Experiences
Navarro, J. N., & Jasinski, J. L. (2011) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2012.628560 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Recently, scholars have also applied RAT to the evaluation of cybercrime (see Choi 2008 ; Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt 2008 ; Wilson and Backhouse 2006 ).”
BackgroundLegal Cynicism, Legitimacy, and Criminal Offending
Reisig, M. D., Wolfe, S. E., & Holtfreter, K. (2011) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854811424707 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationJennings, W. G., Park, M., Tomsich, E. A., Gover, A. R., & Akers, R. L. (2011) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9110-x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Exploring the Link Between Low Self-Control and Violent Victimization Trajectories in Adolescents
Higgins, G. E., Jennings, W. G., Tewksbury, R., & Gibson, C. L. (2009) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854809344046 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
'Bought it, but Never Got it' Assessing Risk Factors for Online Consumer Fraud Victimization
van Wilsem, J. (2011) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcr053 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Chen, H., Beaudoin, C. E., & Hong, T. J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.003 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“People's willingness to make risky investments reflects their desire for immediate gratifications (Holtfreter et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialOnline safety begins with you and me: Convincing Internet users to protect themselves
Shillair, R., Cotten, S. R., Tsai, H.-Y. S., Alhabash, S., LaRose, R., & Rifon, N. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.046 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Turanovic, J., & Pratt, T. C. (2013) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-012-9180-z · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“As originally specified by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), those with low self-control care little about others, are easily provoked, are impulsive, they like to take risks, reject social norms and rules, and have an aggressive or antagonistic interactional style (Evans et al. 1997; Higgins and Tewksbury 2006; Holtfre…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrison Culture, Management, and In-Prison Violence
WOOLDREDGE, J. D. (2020) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041359 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Organized fraud and organizing frauds
Levi, M. (2008) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895808096470 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Holtfreter et al. (2008) conducted an interesting study in Florida to examine whether low self-control was related to consumer fraud victimization.”
BackgroundElder Fraud and Financial Exploitation: Application of Routine Activity Theory
DeLiema, M. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnw258 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Having low self-control also increased the risk of fraud victimization once targets were solicited in remote purchasing environments (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Reisig & Holtfreter, 2013).”
BackgroundThe psychology of internet fraud victimisation: A systematic review
Norris, G., Brookes, A., & Dowell, D. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09334-5 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Franklin, C. A., Franklin, T. W., Nobles, M. R., & Kercher, G. A. (2012) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854812453673 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Gover, A. (2004). Risky lifestyles and dating violence: A theoretical test of violent victimization.”
BackgroundInfluentialA longitudinal analysis of citizens' attitudes about police
Gau, J. M. (2010) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511011044867 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“This response rate is not ideal, but it is fairly typical of the current response rates researchers are achieving in mail and telephone surveys (Curtin et al., 2005; Gau and Pratt, 2008; Holtfreter et al., 2008; McCarty et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWho views online extremism? Individual attributes leading to exposure
Costello, M., E.Hawdon, J., Ratliff, T. N., & Grantham, T. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.033 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Thief With a Thousand Faces and the Victim With None
Reyns, B. W., & Henson, B. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15572861 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“In a similar study, Holtfreter et al. (2008) reported a marginally significant relationship between online purchasing behaviors and fraud victimization among a sample of Florida residents.”
BackgroundLow Self-Control and Imprudent Behavior Revisited
Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2011) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639621003800505 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“2003; Vazsonyi and Crosswhite 2004), and criminal victimization (Holtfreter et al. 2008; Piquero et al. 2005; Schreck 1999; Schreck et al. 2006; Stewart et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisky Lifestyles, Low Self-control, and Violent Victimization Across Gendered Pathways to Crime
Turanovic, J. J., Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2014) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9230-9 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Contrary to traditional empirical approaches that pit ‘‘motivation’’ and ‘‘opportunity’’ theories against one another, the marriage of lifestyle and self-control theories allows for a more comprehensive study of victimization (Holtfreter et al. 2008; Schreck et al. 2006; Stewart et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhite-Collar Crime: A Review of Recent Developments and Promising Directions for Future Research
Simpson, S. S. (2013) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145546 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The effect of low self-control on perceived police legitimacy
Wolfe, S. E. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.10.006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gau, J. M., & Pratt, T. C. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, K.-S., & Lee, J. R. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.061 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Predicting susceptibility to cyber-fraud victimhood
Whitty, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-10-2017-0095 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Assessing the victim-offender overlap among Puerto Rican youth
Maldonado‐Molina, M. M., Jennings, W. G., Tobler, A. L., Piquero, A. R., & CANINO, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.008 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…and offending has been well documented (Gottfredson, 2006; Pratt & Cullen, 2000), and recent studies have also found an association between low self-control and victimization as well (Baron et al., 2007; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Piquero et al., 2005; Schreck, 1999; Schreck, Wright, & Miller, 2002).”
BackgroundA self-control/life-course theory of criminal behavior
Pratt, T. C. (2015) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370815587771 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationGolladay, K. A., & Holtfreter, K. (2016) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2016.1177766 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived Risk of Internet Theft Victimization
Reisig, M. D., Pratt, T. C., & Holtfreter, K. (2009) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808329405 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…previously, research by Stewart, Schreck, and colleagues has reported that personal traits (i.e., low self-control) increase the probability of street and fraud victimization (see, e.g., Schreck et al., 2006; Schreck, Wright, & Miller, 2002; Stewart et al., 2004; see also Holtfreter et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLifestyle-Routine Activities and Crime Events
McNeeley, S. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986214552607 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kranenbarg, M. W., Holt, T. J., & van Gelder, J. (2017) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1411030 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“The absence of measures may lead to model misspecification as online activity could increase the risk of offline crimes like fraud (Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt 2008).”
Backgroundvan Wilsem, J. (2011) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370810393156 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Previous studies have used various ways to measure low self-control, for instance by focusing on impulsivity, antisocial propensity or present orientation (e.g. Holtfreter et al., 2008; Ousey and Wilcox, 2007; Pratt and Cullen, 2000).”
MethodRoutine Activity Theory and the Determinants of High Cybercrime Countries
Kigerl, A. C. (2011) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439311422689 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
School Bullying, Low Self-Control, and Opportunity
Moon, B., & Alarid, L. F. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514536281 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
van Wilsem, J. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986213507402 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Previous studies have used various ways to measure low self-control, for instance, by focusing on immediate gratification (impatience), impulsiveness, or antisocial propensity (e.g., Holtfreter et al., 2008; Ousey & Wilcox, 2007; Pratt & Cul-len, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodProfiling Victims of Investment Fraud: Mindsets and Risky Behaviors
Deliema, M., Shadel, D., & Pak, K. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucz020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Targets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization Among Young Finnish Facebook Users
Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Keipi, T., Näsi, M., & Oksanen, A. (2016) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00079 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Franklin, C. A. (2011) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854810394800 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…property victimization but not including rape and sexual assault (Schreck, 1999; Schreck et al., 2006), homicide victimization (Piquero et al., 2005), solely a measure of property victimization (Kerley et al., 2009), or fraud or Internet victimization (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Reisig et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialStudying the correlates of fraud victimization and reporting
Schoepfer, A., & Piquero, N. L. (2009) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.02.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Copes, H., Kerley, K. R., Huff, R., & Kane, J. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.07.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Prior research suggests that risky behaviors such as remote purchasing or Internet usage increases peoples chances of becoming victims of fraud (Anderson, 2006; Bossler & Holt, 2010; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Pratt et al., in press; Reisig, Pratt, & Holtfreter, 2009).”
BackgroundShopping fraud victimization among the elderly
Reisig, M. D., & Holtfreter, K. (2013) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-03-2013-0014 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationBig Five Personality Traits of Cybercrime Victims
van de Weijer, S. G. A., & Leukfeldt, R. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0028 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“According to Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt, 17 a low self-control is specifically a risk factor for noncontact crimes like fraud and cybercrime because at least some degree of victim cooperation is necessary for perpetration to be successful.”
Digital Deviance: Low Self-Control and Opportunity as Explanations of Sexting Among College Students
Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2014) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2014.895642 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The psychology of the internet fraud victimization of older adults: A systematic review
Shang, Y., Wu, Z., Du, X., Jiang, Y., Ma, B., & Chi, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912242 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“, 2016), self-control (Holtfreter et al., 2008), or security and perceived control (Yang et al.”
BackgroundOpportunity and Self-Control: Do they Predict Multiple Forms of Online Victimization?
Reyns, B. W., Fisher, B. S., Bossler, A. M., & Holt, T. J. (2018) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-018-9447-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Research has demonstrated that low self-control is related to offline violent and property victimizations (e.g., Holtfreter, Reisig, & Pratt, 2008; Piquero, MacDonald, Dobrin, Daigle, & Cullen, 2005; Pratt et al., 2014; Schreck, 1999; Stewart et al., 2004).”
BackgroundExamining Risks and Protective Factors of On-Line Identity Theft
Holt, T. J., & Turner, M. G. (2012) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2011.584050 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Flexon, J. L., Meldrum, R. C., Young, J. T. N., & Lehmann, P. S. (2016) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.05.006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Choi, K.-S., Cho, S., & Lee, J. R. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cyber-Routines, Political Attitudes, and Exposure to Violence-Advocating Online Extremism
E.Hawdon, J., Bernatzky, C., & Costello, M. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy115 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“A lack of self-control has been linked to online victimization (e.g., Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt 2008; van Wilsem 2013).”
BackgroundIs there a scam for everyone? Psychologically profiling cyberscam victims
Whitty, M. T. (2020) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-020-09458-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Low self‐control and fraud offending
Holtfreter, K., Beaver, K. M., Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2010) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/13590791011056264 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“target hardening within business) and from routine activity theory (Cohen and Felson, 1979; Holtfreter et al., 2008), where efforts to reduce fraud offending would be based on making completing a fraudulent act more difficult or inconvenient for offenders (Clarke, 1997, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Integrative Theory Addressing Cyberharassment in the Light of Technology-Based Opportunism
Lowry, P. B., Zhang, J., Moody, G. D., Chatterjee, S., Wang, C., & Wu, T. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2019.1661090 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gover, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Tomsich, E. A., Park, M., & Rennison, C. M. (2011) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.296 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Fox, K. A., Gover, A. R., & Kaukinen, C. E. (2009) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-009-9064-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M. F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E.-Y., Sittichai, R., Biswal, R., et al. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mulford, C. F., Blachman-Demner, D. R., Pitzer, L., Schubert, C. A., Piquero, A. R., & Mulvey, E. P. (2016) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2016.1196283 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In line with Holtfreter et al. (2008), in distinguishing between the ten largest dual trajectory groups (having more than 20 persons), all of the variables that were expected theoretically to have a relationship to the victim-offender overlap did (Table 3).”
BackgroundRoutine Cell Phone Activity and Exposure to Sext Messages
Wolfe, S. E., Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Ricketts, M. L. (2014) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128714541192 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…are those with lower levels of self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) because they place themselves in situations where sexting is more likely and ignore the potential consequences of such behavior (see, for example, Holtfreter et al., 2008; Reisig, Pratt, & Holtfreter, 2009; Schreck, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialCOVID-19 frauds: an exploratory study of victimization during a global crisis
Kennedy, J. P., Rorie, M., & Benson, M. L. (2021) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12554 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…research onwhite-collar crime victimization has demonstrated the importance of opportunity – certain habits are more likely to bring victims into contact with offenders or may serve to protect against victimization (Benson et al., 2009; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Pratt et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLow Self-Control, Information Disclosure, and the Risk of Online Fraud
Mesch, G. S., & Dodel, M. (2018) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764218787854 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The scant research regarding online fraud victimization suggests that there are several consistent demographic indicators associated with these victims (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Pratt et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRisky remote purchasing and identity theft victimization among older Internet users
Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M. D., Pratt, T. C., & Holtfreter, R. E. (2015) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2015.1028545 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The use of parsimonious low self-control measures (e.g., 1-, 2-, and 3-item scales) is common in victimization research (see, e.g., Chang, Chen, & Brownson, 2003; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Van Wyk & Benson, 1997; Vaszonyi et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFox, K. A., Nobles, M. R., & Fisher, B. S. (2014) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2014.902985 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Randa, R., & Reyns, B. W. (2019) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1612980 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…and Lersch 2005; Copes and Vieraitis 2009), victims (e.g., Anderson 2006; Heith. et al. 2010; Reyns and Henson 2016), and possible causes (e.g., Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt 2008; Reyns 2013, 2015; Williams 2015), with few studies considering the aftermath of the crime (Golladay and…”
BackgroundSchwartz, J. A., Connolly, E. J., & Valgardson, B. A. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.08.004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Going Beyond Deterrence: A Middle-Range Theory of Motives and Controls for Insider Computer Abuse
Burns, A. J., Roberts, T., Posey, C., Lowry, P. B., & Fuller, B. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M., Malinski, R., & May, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986215621376 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…theory to cybercrime victimization has been largely mixed, with partial support for economically motivated cybercrimes, including hacking (Leukfeldt, 2014), malware (Holt & Bossler, 2013; Ngo & Paternoster, 2011), and fraud victimization (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Reyns, 2013; van Wilsem, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonality, emotion and individual differences in response to online fraud
Norris, G., & Brookes, A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109847 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Holt, T. J., van Wilsem, J., van de Weijer, S. G. A., & Leukfeldt, R. (2018) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439318805067 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…this framework to account for cybercrime victimization (Bossler & Holt, 2010; Chen, Beaudoin, & Hong, 2017; Holt, Bossler, Malinski, & May, 2016; Holtfreter et al., 2008; Louderback & Antonaccio, 2017; Mesch & Dodel, 2018; Ngo & Paternoster, 2011; Reyns, Burek, Henson, & Fisher, 2013; Reyns,…”
MethodCostello, M., Rukus, J., & E.Hawdon, J. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1426266 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
We will make you like our research: The development of a susceptibility-to-persuasion scale
Modic, D., Anderson, R., & Palomäki, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194119 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
General theory, gender-specific theory, and white-collar crime
Holtfreter, K. (2015) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-12-2014-0062 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk factors for advance fee fraud victimisation
Ross, S., & Smith, R. G. (2011) · Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks · doi:10.52922/ti268334 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cho, S., & WOOLDREDGE, J. D. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.041 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Who Is Next? A Study on Victims of Financial Fraud in Japan
Kadoya, Y., Khan, M. S. R., Narumoto, J., & WATANABE, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649565 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Previous studies also found that the behavior of consumers (Holtfreter et al., 2008) and their cognitive judgments (Office of Fair Trading, 2006) are determining factors of fraud victimization.”
BackgroundMass-Marketing Fraud: A Growing Concern
Whitty, M. T. (2015) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msp.2015.85 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Kristy Holtfreter and her colleagues looked broadly at consumer fraud victimization and 14 are considered sensation seekers aren’t more likely to be scammed by the online dating romance scam; rather, for those who score high on the Romantic Belief Scale, ideal-ization is more associated with the…”
BackgroundAssessing Stalking Behaviors in a Control Balance Theory Framework
Nobles, M. R., & Fox, K. A. (2013) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854813475346 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
You’ve got mail! Explaining individual differences in becoming a phishing target
Kimpe, L. D., Walrave, M., Hardyns, W., Pauwels, L. J. R., & Ponnet, K. S. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.02.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cowen, C., Louderback, E. R., & Roy, S. S. (2018) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-018-00161-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Understanding Gang Membership and Crime Victimization Among Jail Inmates
Fox, K. A., Lane, J., & Akers, R. L. (2010) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128710392003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, 2005), fraud victimization (Holtfreter et al., 2008), and perceived risk of Internet theft (Reisig et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWen, J., Yang, H., Zhang, Q., & Shao, J.-J. (2022) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2021.2024105 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Online Extremism and Online Hate Exposure among Adolescents and Young Adults in Four Nations
E.Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2015) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How Neurotic are Scam Victims, Really? The Big Five and Internet ScamsPreprint
Modic, D., & Lea, S. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2448130 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Assessing the Macro-Level Correlates of Malware Infections Using a Routine Activities Framework
Holt, T., Burruss, G., & Bossler, A. M. (2016) · International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x16679162 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…range of victimization, such as burglary (Coupe & Blake, 2006), larceny (Mustaine & Tewksbury, 1998), vandal-ism (Tewksbury & Mustaine, 2000), physical assault (Mustaine & Tewksbury, 2002; Stewart, Elifson, & Sterk, 2004), robbery (Spano & Nagy, 2005), and fraud (Holtfreter, Reisig, & Pratt, 2008).”
The Outsider’s Advantage: Distrust as a Deterrent to Exploitation
Yenkey, C. B. (2018) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/700694 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…1977) predicates much of the criminological research on 623 American Journal of Sociology victimization that focuses on how individual and lifestyle attributes put potential victims into settings where crime victimization is more likely (Stafford and Galle 1984; Holtfreter, Reisig, and Pratt 2008).”
Junger, M., Wang, V., & Schlömer, M. (2020) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-020-00119-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Low Self-Control as a Source of Crime: A Meta-StudyPreprint
Engel, C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2012381 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kulig, T. C., Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Chouhy, C., & Unnever, J. D. (2017) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2017.1307297 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationKoning, L., Junger, M., & Veldkamp, B. (2023) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580231215839 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Studies have confirmed that this is true for consumer fraud victimization (Holtfreter et al., 2008; Van Wilsem, 2013) and forms of cybercrime that involve individual choice (Bossler and Holt, 2010; Louderback and Antonaccio, 2021), which includes forms of fraud.”
InfluentialThe role of social-psychological factors of victimity on victimization of online fraud in China
Zhang, Z., & Ye, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1030670 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“On the other hand, online consumption behavior increases the risk of being targeted for fraud (Holtfreter et al., 2008).”
Background
- Authors
- HOLTFRETER, K., REISIG, M. D., & PRATT, T. C.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- Venue
- Criminology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-220
- ISSN
- 0011-1384 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9125
- OpenAlex
- W2050792701
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 48.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- self-control theory, routine activity theory, fraud victimization, consumer fraud
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