The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of chatbot-assisted in-class debates on students’ argumentation skills and task motivation
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“The University of Toronto, for example, has developed a model in which GenAI is used as a support in evaluation, but without replacing human judgment (Guo et al., 2023).”
From Ethical and regulatory challenges of Generative AI in education: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2023
In the citing paper
“In a different approach, the University of Toronto has focused its implementation of GenAI on learning assessment, especially automated feedback on essays and written assignments.”
From Ethical and regulatory challenges of Generative AI in education: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2023
In the citing paper
“This framework regulates the use of GenAI in exams and academic papers, ensuring that final decisions remain in the hands of human professors and evaluators.”
From Ethical and regulatory challenges of Generative AI in education: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2023
In the citing paper
“In addition, Toronto has implemented an auditing system in which teachers and students can review the AI's recommendations to verify their validity.”
From Ethical and regulatory challenges of Generative AI in education: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2023
In the citing paper
“To ensure fairness and mitigate algorithmic biases, the university has developed a governance framework in which generative AI can only be used as a Support Tool and not as a substitute for human judgment (Guo et al., 2023).”
From Ethical and regulatory challenges of Generative AI in education: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2023
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“Undergraduate students perceived their performance in chatbot-assisted in-class debates to be successful, and reported higher enjoyment and effort levels when engaging in chatbot-assisted in-class debates than when performing conventional learning tasks (Guo et al., 2023).”
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“This chatbot aided in augmenting the complexity of argument structures by generating arguments and predicting counter-arguments[9].”
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“This is consistent with the views of existing research [11], but it also diverges from some perspectives [12].”
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“However, the application of AI chatbots like ChatGPT in debate activities to enhance students’ argumentation skills remains limited (Guo et al., 2023) as previous studies have primarily delved into the effects of AI on speaking skills and its different aspects such as fluency and speaking…”
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“In classroom settings, AI chatbots can be used to facilitate students’ argumentation skills, performance, and learning motivation [8–10].”
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“It is known that debates are used in pedagogical courses to stimulate student engagement and develop their critical thinking [3]-[4], abilities of argumentation [5], collaboration [6], and communication skills [7]-[8].”
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“Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) shows promise in addressing these challenges by providing judgment-free practice spaces and instant feedback [12].”
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“Consistent with previous works such as Majidi et al. (2023), Majidi et al. (2021), and Guo et al. (2023), M.-C. Lin (2024), the present study confirms that British Parliamentary (BP) debate enhances fluency, coherence, and pragmatic competence in second language acquisition.”
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“For example, Guo et al. (2023) employed chat-bots to assist in debates.”
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Augmenting Argumentation with Generative AI: An Instructional Model for Critical Thinking in Science
Zhou, R., & Shan, X. (2026) · International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE) · doi:10.1109/cste69562.2026.11649667
“For instance, through meticulously designed prompts, research has enabled ChatGPT-based chatbots to portray "Socrates" [12] or "debate opponents" [13], compelling learners to deepen and defend their arguments by presenting counterexamples, questioning the reliability of evidence, or challenging the…”
Enhancing College Students’ Critical Thinking Through AI-Agent-Assisted Debate Training
Feng, M., Xia, Z., & Ding, W. (2026) · International Conference on Education and Training Technologies (ICETT) · doi:10.1109/icett70124.2026.11665888
“…debates has shown that integrating argumentative chatbots into debate activities can significantly improve students’ argumentation quality and learning motivation, as the system can scaffold reasoning processes and prompt learners to elaborate their arguments with evidence and counterarguments [7].”
Enhancing Students’ Argumentation Skills: Comparing Generative AI with Peer Support
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“…into argumentation tasks: the design of classroom debates assisted by an argumentative chatbot has shown improvements in the quality of arguments and greater enjoyment and effort from students [31], which aligns with the idea of using CA as facilitators of discussion in collaborative activities.”
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Learn AI with AI: Designing conversational agents to support older adults in learning about AI
KangJie, E. T., Song, T., Shi, M., & Lee, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103953
Robot-Assisted Language Learning
Huang, W., Yang, X., & Fryer, L. K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51447-0_285-1
Lin, X., & Jahanbakhsh, A. A. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.108030
Deng, Y., & Yang, L. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70401
Zhu, M., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2026.102375
Metadata
- Authors
- Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Chu, S. K. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Danling
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-10
- Volume
- 203
- Pages
- 104862
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4379619507
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 17.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- chatbots, argumentation skills, task motivation, argumentative dialogue, AI-assisted learning, undergraduate students, argument structure
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