The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Muscle as a paracrine and endocrine organ
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle cells are highly abundant and metabolically active and are known to 'communicate' their energy demands to other organs through active secretion. Muscle-derived secretory proteins include a variety of cytokines and peptides collectively referred to as 'myokines' that exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects. Analyses of the skeletal muscle secretome revealed that numerous myokines are secreted in response to contraction or strength training, and that these factors not only regulate energy demand but also contribute to the broad beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health. Herein we review recent studies on the myokines that regulate muscle function and those that mediate cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs including adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, the cardiovascular system, brain, bones, and skin.
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“The ensemble of muscle‐derived peptides and proteins, currently referred to as myokines, is at least in part, responsible for exercise whole‐body health benefits.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, physical exercise is not only beneficial because of the immediate increase in energy expenditure; it also remodels whole‐body energy metabolism.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Exercise‐induced IL‐6 production was initially believed to be linked to muscle damage, but has now been proven to directly depend on contraction and to mediate muscle glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased fatty acid oxidation.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Exercise‐induced IL‐6 production was initially believed to be linked to muscle damage, but has now been proven to directly depend on contraction and to mediate muscle glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased fatty acid oxidation.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“IL‐6 also triggers insulin production in pancreas, hepatic glucose production, and adipose tissue lipolysis, thus ensuring the availability of energy substrates for exercising muscle 11, 17.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“More precisely, during exercise skeletal muscle tightly interacts with adipose tissue, pancreas, and liver to sustain the energy demands of physical activity and mediate positive effects in whole‐body energy metabolism.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Recent analyses of muscle secretomes revealed that aerobic exercise or strength training trigger the secretion of numerous myokines 11.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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Cites
A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Rasbach, K. A., Boström, E. A., Choi, J. H., Long, J. Z., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10777 · Cited by 4,810
Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human
Wu, J., Boström, P., Sparks, L. M., Li, Y., Choi, J. H., Giang, A.-H., Khandekar, M. J., Virtanen, K. A., Nuutila, P., Schaart, G., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016 · Cited by 3,406
Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.90100.2007 · Cited by 2,388
Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway
Wrann, C. D., White, J. P., Salogiannnis, J., Laznik-Bogoslavski, D., Wu, J., Ma, D., Lin, J. D., Greenberg, M. E., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008 · Cited by 1,440
Ellingsgaard, H., Hauselmann, I., Schuler, B., Habib, A. M., Baggio, L. L., Meier, D. T., Eppler, E., Bouzakri, K., Wueest, S., Muller, Y. D., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2513 · Cited by 922
Pedersen, L., Idorn, M., Olofsson, G. H., Lauenborg, B., Nookaew, I., Hansen, R. H., Johannesen, H. H., Becker, J. C., Pedersen, K. S., Dethlefsen, C., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.011 · Cited by 888
Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans
Lee, P., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Brychta, R. J., Wang, J., Idelson, C., Perron, R. M., Werner, C. D., Phan, G. Q., Kammula, U. S., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.017 · Cited by 802
Pedersen, B. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048074 · Cited by 668
The diseasome of physical inactivity – and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross talk
Pedersen, B. K. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515 · Cited by 631
Running-induced systemic cathepsin B secretion is associated with memory function
Moon, H. Y., Becke, A., Berron, D., Becker, B., Sah, N., Benoni, G., Janke, E., Lubejko, S. T., Greig, N. H., Mattison, J. A., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.025 · Cited by 628
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exerkines in health, resilience and disease
Chow, L. S., Gerszten, R. E., Taylor, J. M., Pedersen, B. K., van Praag, H., Trappe, S., Febbraio, M. A., Galis, Z. S., Gao, Y., Haus, J. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2 · Cited by 927
Self-citationPhysical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk
Pedersen, B. K. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0174-x · Cited by 772
Skeletal Muscle as Potential Central Link between Sarcopenia and Immune Senescence
Nelke, C., Dziewas, R., Minnerup, J., Meuth, S. G., & Ruck, T. (2019) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.034 · Cited by 437
Physical Activity and Brain Health
Liegro, C. M. D., Schiera, G., Proia, P., & Liegro, I. D. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10090720 · Cited by 451
Exercise and mitochondrial health
Memme, J. M., Erlich, A. T., Phukan, G., & Hood, D. A. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278853 · Cited by 343
Metadata
- Authors
- Giudice, J., & Taylor, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giudice, Jimena
- Taylor, Joan M
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 34
- Pages
- 49-55
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5808999
- OpenAlex
- W2623238236
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-081844)
- American Heart Association (0355776U)
- The University of North Carolina (P30DK056350)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle, paracrine signaling, hormone signaling, physical activity, muscle contraction, resistance training, energy metabolism, muscle-bone crosstalk, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cardiovascular System, Humans, Osteogenesis, Skin, Muscle, Skeletal, Paracrine Communication, Adipogenesis
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