Muscle as a paracrine and endocrine organ
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle cells are highly abundant and metabolically active and are known to 'communicate' their energy demands to other organs through active secretion. Muscle-derived secretory proteins include a variety of cytokines and peptides collectively referred to as 'myokines' that exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects. Analyses of the skeletal muscle secretome revealed that numerous myokines are secreted in response to contraction or strength training, and that these factors not only regulate energy demand but also contribute to the broad beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health. Herein we review recent studies on the myokines that regulate muscle function and those that mediate cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs including adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, the cardiovascular system, brain, bones, and skin.
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Physical exercise remodels whole‐body energy metabolism.
“Indeed, physical exercise is not only beneficial because of the immediate increase in energy expenditure; it also remodels whole‐body energy metabolism.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
The ensemble of muscle‐derived peptides and proteins, currently referred to as myokines, is at least in part responsible for exercise whole‐body health benefits.
“The ensemble of muscle‐derived peptides and proteins, currently referred to as myokines, is at least in part, responsible for exercise whole‐body health benefits.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
IL‐6 mediates muscle glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased fatty acid oxidation.
“Exercise‐induced IL‐6 production was initially believed to be linked to muscle damage, but has now been proven to directly depend on contraction and to mediate muscle glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased fatty acid oxidation.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Exercise-induced IL‐6 production directly depends on contraction.
“Exercise‐induced IL‐6 production was initially believed to be linked to muscle damage, but has now been proven to directly depend on contraction and to mediate muscle glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased fatty acid oxidation.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
IL‐6 triggers insulin production in pancreas, hepatic glucose production, and adipose tissue lipolysis, thus ensuring the availability of energy substrates for exercising muscle.
“IL‐6 also triggers insulin production in pancreas, hepatic glucose production, and adipose tissue lipolysis, thus ensuring the availability of energy substrates for exercising muscle 11, 17.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
During exercise skeletal muscle tightly interacts with adipose tissue, pancreas, and liver to sustain the energy demands of physical activity and mediate positive effects in whole‐body energy metabolism.
“More precisely, during exercise skeletal muscle tightly interacts with adipose tissue, pancreas, and liver to sustain the energy demands of physical activity and mediate positive effects in whole‐body energy metabolism.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Aerobic exercise or strength training trigger the secretion of numerous myokines.
“Recent analyses of muscle secretomes revealed that aerobic exercise or strength training trigger the secretion of numerous myokines 11.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Giudice, J., & Taylor, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giudice, Jimena
- Taylor, Joan M
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 34
- Pages
- 49-55
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5808999
- OpenAlex
- W2623238236
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-081844)
- American Heart Association (0355776U)
- The University of North Carolina (P30DK056350)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle, paracrine signaling, hormone signaling, physical activity, muscle contraction, resistance training, energy metabolism, muscle-bone crosstalk, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cardiovascular System, Humans, Osteogenesis, Skin, Muscle, Skeletal, Paracrine Communication, Adipogenesis
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