Muscle as a secretory organ

Pedersen, Bente K.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033

Cited by 516Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Muscle as a secretory organ

Pedersen, Bente K.·2013·Comprehensive physiology

DOI 10.1002/cphy.c120033

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.

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The products secreted by skeletal muscle can influence the metabolism and function of skeletal muscle, in addition to other tissues and organs.
“The products secreted by this tissue can influence the metabolism and function of SkM, in addition to other tissues and organs (Pedersen, 2013).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Pedersen, 2013
Physical activity plays a key role in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism.
“PA also plays a key role in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism.”
From MOSH Syndrome (Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism): Clinical Assessment and Possible Therapeutic Approaches (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
Muscle-derived peptides called myokines, released after physical activity, act on adipose tissue with anti-inflammatory effects.
“Muscle-derived peptides, called “myokines”, released after physical activity, act on adipose tissue with anti-inflammatory effects [42].”
From MOSH Syndrome (Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism): Clinical Assessment and Possible Therapeutic Approaches (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
In humans and animal models, acute exercise generally increases angiopoietin 1, fractalkine, FGF21, IL-6, IL-8, musclin, myonectin and VEGF.
“Studies in humans15,45,68–74 and animal models15,43,49,75,76 have shown that the exerkines angiopoietin 1 (REFS49,68,69), fractalkine70,71, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)72,73, IL-6 (REF.15), IL-8 (REFS50,74), musclin43, myonectin75 and VEGF27,45,76 are generally increased with acute exercise”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

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Authors: Pedersen, B. K.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Pedersen, Bente K.
ORCID: Pedersen, Bente K.
Venue: Comprehensive physiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 1337-1362
ISSN: 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120033
OpenAlex: W1851866395
Cited by: 516
References: 260
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
Type: other
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations: Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: skeletal muscle, myokines, cytokines, paracrine signaling, hormone signaling, autocrine signaling, muscle contraction, inter-organ communication
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Adipokines

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