The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: a review of criticisms and elaborations of the Multi-Level Perspective
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“This is why partnering with organizations, such as universities or private research institutes, could enhance trust and facilitate the integration of DeSci within the sociotechnical system of science (Geels, 2019).”
From Exploring the decentralized science ecosystem: insights on organizational structures, technologies, and funding (2025) · cites this paper as Geels, 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Geels, F. W. (2002) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00062-8 · Cited by 7,275
Self-citationTypology of sociotechnical transition pathways
Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2007) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003 · Cited by 5,245
Self-citationFrom sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems
Geels, F. W. (2004) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.015 · Cited by 4,098
Self-citationCapoccia, G., & Kelemen, R. D. (2007) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887100020852 · Cited by 2,410
Grassroots innovations for sustainable development: Towards a new research and policy agenda
Seyfang, G., & Smith, A. (2007) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644010701419121 · Cited by 1,777
Agroecological research: Conforming—Or transforming the dominant agro-food regime
Levidow, L., Pimbert, M., & Vanloqueren, G. (2014) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2014.951459 · Cited by 253
Research works printed but not linked: 104
- Ivanova, 2016, Environmental impact assessment of household consumption, J Ind Ecol, 20, 526, 10.1111/jiec.12371 · DOI
- Farla, 2012, Sustainability transitions in the making: a closer look at actors, strategies and resources, Technol Forecast Soc, 79, 991, 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.02.001 · DOI
- Fuenfschilling, 2016, The interplay of institutions, actors and technologies in socio-technical systems – an analysis of transformations in the Australian urban water sector, Technol Forecast Soc, 103, 298, 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.023 · DOI
- Geels, 2016, The enactment of socio-technical transition pathways: a reformulated typology and a comparative multi-level analysis of the German and UK low-carbon electricity transitions (1990–2014), Res Policy, 45, 896, 10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.015 · DOI
- Rosenbloom, 2016, Framing the sun: a discursive approach to understanding multi-dimensional interactions within socio-technical transitions through the case of solar electricity in Ontario, Canada, Res Policy, 45, 1275, 10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.012 · DOI
- Dzebo, 2017, A new regime and then what? Cracks and tensions in the socio-technical regime of the Swedish heat energy system, Energy Res Soc Sci, 29, 113, 10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.018 · DOI
- Mazur, 2015, Assessing and comparing German and UK transition policies for electric mobility, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 14, 84, 10.1016/j.eist.2014.04.005 · DOI · Paper page
- Berkeley, 2018, Assessing the transition towards battery electric vehicles: a Multi-Level Perspective on drivers of, and barriers to, take up, Transp Res Part A Policy Pract, 106, 320, 10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.004 · DOI
- Mylan, 2019, Rage against the regime: niche-regime interactions in the societal embedding of plant-based milk, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 31, 233, 10.1016/j.eist.2018.11.001 · DOI
- Moradi, 2018, A multi-level perspective analysis of urban mobility system dynamics: what are the future transition pathways?, Technol Forecast Soc, 126, 231, 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.002 · DOI
- Smith, 2010, Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: the allure of a multi-level perspective and its challenges, Res Policy, 39, 435, 10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.023 · DOI
- Markard, 2012, Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects, Res Policy, 41, 955, 10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.013 · DOI
- Köhler, 2019, An agenda for sustainability transitions research: state of the art and future directions, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 31, 1, 10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004 · DOI · Paper page
- Bui, 2016, Sustainability transitions: insights on processes of niche-regime interaction and regime reconfiguration in agri-food systems, J Rural Stud, 48, 92, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.10.003 · DOI · Paper page
- Tuama, 2015, Ripples through the city: understanding the processes set in motion through embedding a public bike sharing scheme in a city, Res Transp Bus Manage, 15, 15
- Morris, 2014, Less meat initiatives: an initial exploration of a diet-focused social innovation in transitions to a more sustainable regime of meat provisioning, Int J Sociol Agric Food, 21, 189
- Hölsgens, 2018, Social innovations in the German energy transition: an attempt to use the heuristics of the multi-level perspective of transitions to analyze the diffusion process of social innovations, Energy Sustain Soc, 8, 8, 10.1186/s13705-018-0150-7 · DOI
- Hynes, 2016, Developing (tele)work? A multi-level sociotechnical perspective of telework in Ireland, Res Transp Econ, 57, 21, 10.1016/j.retrec.2016.06.008 · DOI
- Lepoutre, 2018, The (non-)emergence of mobile money systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative multilevel perspective of Kenya and Nigeria, Technol Forecast Soc, 131, 262, 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.010 · DOI
- Hassink, 2018, Enriching the multi-level perspective by better understanding agency and challenges associated with interactions across system boundaries. The case of care farming in the Netherlands: multifunctional agriculture meets health care, J Rural Stud, 57, 186, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.018 · DOI
- Schneidewind, 2016, Three schools of transformation thinking: the impact of ideas, institutions, and technological innovation on transformation processes, GAIA, 25, 88, 10.14512/gaia.25.2.7 · DOI
- O’Brien, 2018, Is the 1.5°C target possible? Exploring the three spheres of transformation, Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 31, 153, 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.010 · DOI
- Loorbach, 2017, Sustainability transition research: transforming science and practice for societal change, Annu Rev Environ Resour, 42, 599, 10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021340 · DOI · Paper page
- Røpke, 2016, Complementary system perspectives in ecological macroeconomics — the example of transition investments during the crisis, Ecol Econ, 121, 237, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.018 · DOI
- Patterson, 2017, Exploring the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 24, 1, 10.1016/j.eist.2016.09.001 · DOI
- Feola, 2015, Societal transformation in response to global environmental change: a review of emerging concepts, Ambio, 44, 376, 10.1007/s13280-014-0582-z · DOI
- Brand, 2016, “Transformation” as a new critical orthodoxy: the strategic use of the term “Transformation” does not prevent multiple crises, GAIA, 25, 23, 10.14512/gaia.25.1.7 · DOI
- Temper, 2018, A perspective on radical transformations to sustainability: resistances, movements and alternatives, Sustain Sci, 13, 747, 10.1007/s11625-018-0543-8 · DOI
- Jenkins, 2018, Humanizing sociotechnical transitions through energy justice: an ethical framework for global transformative change, Energy Policy, 117, 66, 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.036 · DOI
- Sareen, 2018, Bridging socio-technical and justice aspects of sustainable energy transitions, Appl Energy, 228, 624, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.104 · DOI
- Gillard, 2016, Transformational responses to climate change: beyond a systems perspective of social change in mitigation and adaptation, WIRES Clim Change, 7, 251, 10.1002/wcc.384 · DOI
- Geels, 2017, Sociotechnical transitions for deep decarbonisation, Science, 357, 1242, 10.1126/science.aao3760 · DOI · Paper page
- Klitkou, 2015, The role of lock-in mechanisms in transition processes: the case of energy for road transport, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 16, 22, 10.1016/j.eist.2015.07.005 · DOI · Paper page
- Nelson, 2008, Bounded rationality, cognitive maps, and trial and error learning, J Econ Behav Org, 67, 78, 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.002 · DOI
- Walker, 2000, Entrapment in large technology systems: institutional commitments and power relations, Res Policy, 29, 833, 10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00108-6 · DOI
- Normann, 2017, Policy networks in energy transitions: the cases of carbon capture and storage and offshore wind in Norway, Technol Forecast Soc, 118, 80, 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.02.004 · DOI
- Kemp, 1998, Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: the approach of strategic niche management, Technol Anal Strateg, 10, 175, 10.1080/09537329808524310 · DOI
- Schot, 2008, Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda and policy, Technol Anal Strateg, 20, 537, 10.1080/09537320802292651 · DOI
- Sengers, 2019, Experimenting for sustainability transitions: a systematic literature review, Technol Forecast Soc, 145, 153, 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.031 · DOI
- Geels, 2006, Non-linearity and expectations in niche-development trajectories: ups and downs in Dutch biogas development (1973-2003), Technol Anal Strateg, 18, 375, 10.1080/09537320600777143 · DOI
- Olleros, 1986, Emerging industries and the burnout of pioneers, J Prod Innov Manag, 1, 5, 10.1111/1540-5885.310005 · DOI
- Pesch, 2019, Local sustainability initiatives: innovation and civic engagement in societal experiments, Eur Plan Stud, 27, 300, 10.1080/09654313.2018.1464549 · DOI
- Fuenfschilling, 2019, Urban experimentation & sustainability transitions, Eur Plan Stud, 27, 219, 10.1080/09654313.2018.1532977 · DOI
- Bulkeley, 2016, Urban living labs: governing urban sustainability transitions, Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 22, 13, 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.02.003 · DOI
- Lounsbury, 2001, Cultural entrepreneurship: stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources, Strategic Manag J, 22, 545, 10.1002/smj.188 · DOI
- Kivimaa, 2018, Towards a typology of intermediaries in sustainability transitions: a systematic review, Res Policy, 48, 1062, 10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.006 · DOI
- Devine-Wright, 2017, A conceptual framework for understanding the social acceptance of energy infrastructure: insights from energy storage, Energ Policy, 107, 27, 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.020 · DOI
- Meadowcroft, 2009, What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions, Policy Sci, 42, 323, 10.1007/s11077-009-9097-z · DOI
- Roberts, 2018, Public storylines in the British transition from rail to road transport (1896–2000): discursive struggles in the Multi-Level Perspective, Sci Cult, 27, 513, 10.1080/09505431.2018.1519532 · DOI
- Smith, 2005, The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions, Res Policy, 34, 1491, 10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.005 · DOI · Paper page
- Berggren, 2015, Transition pathways revisited: established firms as multi-level actors in the heavy vehicle industry, Res Policy, 44, 1017, 10.1016/j.respol.2014.11.009 · DOI
- Turnheim, 2012, Regime destabilisation as the flipside of energy transitions: lessons from the history of the British coal industry (1913-1997), Energ Policy, 50, 35, 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.060 · DOI
- Weber, 2012, Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: combining insights from innovation systems and multi-level perspective in a comprehensive ‘failures’ framework, Res Policy, 41, 1037, 10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.015 · DOI · Paper page
- Geels, 2014, Regime resistance against low-carbon energy transitions: introducing politics and power in the multi-level perspective, Theory Cult Soc, 31, 21, 10.1177/0263276414531627 · DOI · Paper page
- Markard, 2016, Socio-technical transitions and policy change: advocacy coalitions in Swiss energy policy, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 18, 215, 10.1016/j.eist.2015.05.003 · DOI
- Lockwood, 2017, Historical institutionalism and the politics of sustainable energy transitions: a research agenda, Environ Plann C, 35, 312
- Roberts, 2019, Conditions for politically accelerated transitions: historical institutionalism, the multi-level perspective, and two historical case studies in transport and agriculture, Technol Forecast Soc, 140, 221, 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.019 · DOI
- Kern, 2018, Harnessing theories of the policy process for analysing the politics of sustainability transitions: a critical survey, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 27, 102, 10.1016/j.eist.2017.11.001 · DOI
- Hermwille, 2016, The role of narratives in socio-technical transitions—Fukushima and the energy regimes of Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom, Energy Res Soc Sci, 11, 237, 10.1016/j.erss.2015.11.001 · DOI
- Hielscher, 2018, Contested smart and low-carbon energy futures: media discourses of smart meters in the United Kingdom, J Clean Prod, 195, 978, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.227 · DOI
- Roberts, 2017, Discursive destabilisation of socio-technical regimes: negative storylines and the decline of the American railroads, Energy Res Soc Sci, 31, 86, 10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.031 · DOI
- Rosenbloom, 2018, Framing low-carbon pathways: a discursive analysis of contending storylines surrounding the phase-out of coal-fired power in Ontario, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 27, 129, 10.1016/j.eist.2017.11.003 · DOI
- Seyfang, 2014, A grassroots sustainable energy niche? Reflections on community energy in the UK, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 13, 21, 10.1016/j.eist.2014.04.004 · DOI
- Gernert, 2018, Grassroots initiatives as sustainability transition pioneers: implications and lessons for urban food systems, Urban Sci, 2, 23, 10.3390/urbansci2010023 · DOI
- Hargreaves, 2013, Grassroots innovations in community energy: the role of intermediaries in niche development, Global Environ Change, 23, 868, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.008 · DOI
- Hossain, 2018, Grassroots innovation: the state of the art and future perspectives, Technol Soc, 55, 63, 10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.06.008 · DOI
- White, 2013, Sustaining trajectories towards sustainability: dynamics and diversity in UK communal growing activities, Global Environ Change, 23, 838, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.004 · DOI
- Smith, 2011, The transition town network: a review of current evolutions and renaissance, Soc Mov Stud, 10, 99
- Feola, 2014, Success and failure of grassroots innovations for addressing climate change: the case of the transition movement, Global Environ Change, 24, 232, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.011 · DOI
- Dana LP, Gurau C, Hoy F, Ramadani V, Alexander T: Success factors and challenges of grassroots innovations: Learning from failure. Technol Forecast Soc [In press].
- Cherp, 2017, Comparing electricity transitions: a historical analysis of nuclear, wind and solar power in Germany and Japan, Energy Policy, 101, 612, 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.044 · DOI
- Imbert, 2019, The transition towards a bio-based economy: a comparative study based on social network analysis, J Environ Manag, 230, 255, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.068 · DOI
- McMeekin, 2019, Mapping the winds of whole system reconfiguration: analysing low-carbon transformations across production, distribution and consumption in the UK electricity system, Res Policy, 48, 1216, 10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.007 · DOI
- Geels, 2018, Low-carbon transition via system reconfiguration? A socio-technical whole system analysis of passenger mobility in Great Britain (1990–2016), Energy Res Soc Sci, 46, 86, 10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.008 · DOI
- Hess, 2014, Sustainability transitions: a political coalition perspective, Res Policy, 43, 278, 10.1016/j.respol.2013.10.008 · DOI
- Smink, 2015, Keeping sustainable innovation on a leash? Exploring incumbents’ institutional strategies, Bus Strateg Environ, 24, 86, 10.1002/bse.1808 · DOI
- Penna, 2015, Climate change and the slow reorientation of the American car industry (1979–2011): an application and extension of the Dialectic Issue LifeCycle (DILC) model, Res Policy, 44, 1029, 10.1016/j.respol.2014.11.010 · DOI
- Mayer, 2018, A just transition for coal miners? Accountability frames, community economic identity, and just transition policy support among local policy actors, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 28, 1, 10.1016/j.eist.2018.03.006 · DOI
- Spencer, 2018, The 1.5°C target and coal sector transition: at the limits of societal feasibility, Clim Policy, 18, 335, 10.1080/14693062.2017.1386540 · DOI
- Rogge, 2017, Exploring the role of phase-out policies for low-carbon energy transitions: the case of the German Energiewende, Energy Res Soc Sci, 33, 128, 10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.004 · DOI
- Davidson, 2019, Exnovating for a renewable energy transition, Nat Energy, 4, 254, 10.1038/s41560-019-0369-3 · DOI
- Kivimaa, 2016, Creative destruction or mere niche support? Innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions, Res Policy, 45, 205, 10.1016/j.respol.2015.09.008 · DOI
- Kuokkanen, 2018, Agency in regime destabilization through the selection environment: the Finnish food system’s sustainability transition, Res Policy, 47, 1513, 10.1016/j.respol.2018.05.006 · DOI
- Kungl, 2018, Sequence and alignment of external pressures in industry destabilization: understanding the downfall of incumbent utilities in the German energy transition (1998-2015), Environ Innov Soc Trans, 26, 78, 10.1016/j.eist.2017.05.003 · DOI
- Mignon, 2018, A typology of intermediary organizations and their impact on sustainability transition policies, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 29, 100, 10.1016/j.eist.2018.07.001 · DOI
- Mazzucato, 2018, Mission-oriented innovation policies: challenges and opportunities, Ind Corp Change, 27, 803, 10.1093/icc/dty034 · DOI
- Quitzow, 2015, Assessing policy strategies for the promotion of environmental technologies: a review of India’s National Solar Mission, Res Policy, 44, 233, 10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.003 · DOI
- Smith, 2012, What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability, Res Policy, 41, 1025, 10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012 · DOI · Paper page
- Kern, 2015, Empowering sustainable niches: comparing UK and Dutch offshore wind developments, Technol Forecast Soc, 100, 344, 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.08.004 · DOI
- Raven, 2016, Niche construction and empowerment through socio-political work. A meta-analysis of six low-carbon technology cases, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 18, 164, 10.1016/j.eist.2015.02.002 · DOI · Paper page
- Roberts, 2019, Conditions and intervention strategies for the deliberate acceleration of socio-technical transitions: lessons from a comparative multi-level analysis of two historical case studies in Dutch and Danish heating, Technol Anal Strateg, 31, 1081, 10.1080/09537325.2019.1584286 · DOI
- Rogge, 2016, Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: an extended concept and framework for analysis, Res Policy, 45, 1620, 10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004 · DOI · Paper page
- Kern, 2017, Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes, Energy Res Soc Sci, 23, 11, 10.1016/j.erss.2016.11.002 · DOI
- Edmondson DL, Kern F, Rogge KS: The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems: towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions. Res Policy [In press].
- Sovacool, 2016, How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions, Energy Res Soc Sci, 13, 202, 10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.020 · DOI
- Meckling, 2015, Winning coalitions for climate policy, Science, 349, 1170, 10.1126/science.aab1336 · DOI
- Schmidt, 2017, Technology as a driver of climate and energy politics, Nat Energy, 2, 17084, 10.1038/nenergy.2017.84 · DOI
- Rosenbloom, 2019, Stability and climate policy? Harnessing insights on path dependence, policy feedback, and transition pathways, Energy Res Soc Sci, 50, 168, 10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.009 · DOI
- Hajer, 2015, Beyond cockpit-ism: four insights to enhance the transformative potential of the sustainable development goals, Sustainability, 7, 1651, 10.3390/su7021651 · DOI
- Kern, 2014, Measuring and explaining paradigm change: the case of UK energy policy, Policy Polit, 42, 513, 10.1332/030557312X655765 · DOI
- Campiglio, 2016, Beyond carbon pricing: the role of banking and monetary policy in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy, Ecol Econ, 121, 220, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.020 · DOI
- Mazzucato, 2015, Innovation, the state and patient capital, Polit Q, 86, 98, 10.1111/1467-923X.12235 · DOI
- Campiglio, 2018, Climate change challenges for central banks and financial regulators, Nat Clim Change, 8, 462, 10.1038/s41558-018-0175-0 · DOI
- Geels, 2011, The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: responses to seven criticisms, Environ Innov Soc Trans, 1, 24, 10.1016/j.eist.2011.02.002 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Stangherlin, I. D. C. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120749 · Cited by 174
Transnational corporations, biosphere stewardship, and sustainable futures
Österblom, H., Bebbington, J., Blasiak, R., Sobkowiak, M., & Folke, C. (2022) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-120120-052845 · Cited by 70
Díaz, F., Menchaca, C., & Weidener, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1524222 · Cited by 8
Managed grazing and agroecological transformation in the Midwestern United States
Lowe, E. B., Fochesatto, A., & Rissman, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1096230 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Geels, F. W.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 39
- Pages
- 187-201
- ISSN
- 1877-3435
- Cited by
- 949
- References
- 6
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: a review of criticisms and elaborations of the Multi-Level Perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.009
- The paper
- Geels, F. W. (2019). Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: a review of criticisms and elaborations of the Multi-Level Perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.009