Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity
Open accessAbstract
Chromium is a pervasive environmental contaminant that is of great importance because of its toxicity. Hexavalent chromium is a classified group 1 carcinogen with multiple complex mechanisms by which it triggers cancer development. Increased levels of oxidative stress, chromosome breaks, and DNA-adduct formation are some of the major mechanisms by which C(VI) causes cellular damage. Trivalent chromium is another species of chromium that is described as a non-essential metal, and is used in nutritional supplementation. Evidence on nutritional benefit is conflicting which could suggest that humans absorb enough Cr(III) from diet alone, and that extra supplementation is not necessary. This review highlights the differences between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from a chemical and toxicological perspective, describes short-comings in nutritional research of Cr(III), and explains the multiple mechanisms by which Cr(VI) is involved in the process of carcinogenesis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cr(III) is generally non-toxic and is an essential agent in animal and human metabolisms.
“Cr(III) is generally non-toxic and is an essential agent in animal and human metabolisms2.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
In “Essentiality of Trivalent Chromium” (page not provided), the paper says Cr(III) should not be considered an essential trace element for human health and that no concrete mechanism establishes an essential role in any form of life. It also cautions that some Cr(III) supplement formulations may be toxic or carcinogenic, contrary to the unqualified description of Cr(III) as generally non-toxic. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCr(VI) is known to induce lung cancer, skin irritation, and damage to kidneys, livers, and gastric systems.
“Cr(VI) is known to induce lung cancer, skin irritation, and damage to kidneys, livers, and gastric systems2,4.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The 'Mutagenic Vs non Mutagenic mode of action of Cr(VI)' section states that human and animal studies show chromate induces lung cancer, mainly through inhalation. Our copy does not substantiate the additional claims of skin irritation or kidney and gastric-system damage; its References mention Cr(VI) effects in liver cells, but do not establish the claimed liver damage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCr(VI) is hazardous to living organisms due to its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
“However, Cr(VI) is hazardous to living organisms due to its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity2 and is among 129 critical pollutants identified by the US EPA3.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Trumbo (2001) · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00078-5 · Cited by 4,852 · see citing works
Chromium in Drinking Water: Sources, Metabolism, and Cancer Risks
Zhitkovich, A. (2011) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx200251t · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Salnikow, K., & Zhitkovich, A. (2007) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx700198a · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Chromium Compounds in Humans
Costa, M., & Klein, C. B. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440500534032 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Self-citationToxicity and Carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in Animal Models and Humans
Costa, M. (1997) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408449709078442 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water
Costa, M. (2003) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00011-5 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationImportance of Chromium−DNA Adducts in Mutagenicity and Toxicity of Chromium(VI)
Zhitkovich, A. (2005) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx049774+ · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives
Garthe, I., & Maughan, R. J. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Reflections on hexavalent chromium: health hazards of an industrial heavyweight.
Pellerin, C., & Booker, S. M. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.108-a402 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Mutagenicity of chromates in bacteria and its relevance to chromate carcinogenesis
Venitt, S., & Levy, L. S. (1974) · Nature · doi:10.1038/250493a0 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., & STOHS, S. J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1017958028256 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Reduction of Chromium(VI) by Ascorbate Leads to Chromium-DNA Binding and DNA Strand Breaks in Vitro
Stearns, D. M., Kennedy, L. J., Courtney, K. D., Giangrande, P. H., Phieffer, L. S., & Wetterhahn, K. E. (1995) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00003a025 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium
Vincent, J. B. (2004) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2003315 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium.
Holmes, A. L., Wise, J. P., & Wise, J. P. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Lukaski, H. C. (1999) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.279 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Quievryn, G., Peterson, E., Messer, J., & Zhitkovich, A. (2003) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0271547 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Modulation of histone methylation and MLH1 gene silencing by hexavalent chromium
Sun, H., Zhou, X. M., Chen, H., Li, Q., & Costa, M. (2009) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.008 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, R. A., Bryden, N. A., & Polansky, M. M. (1992) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/bf02784595 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The control of histone methylation and gene expression by oxidative stress, hypoxia, and metals
Chervona, Y., & Costa, M. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.020 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationZhitkovich, A., Voitkun, V., & Costa, M. (1996) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi960147w · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationAldrich, M. V., Gardea-Torresdey, J. L., Peralta-Videa, J. R., & Parsons, J. G. (2003) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0208916 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Schnekenburger, M., Talaska, G., & Puga, A. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00838-07 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Brocato, J., & Costa, M. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.794769 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationZhitkovich, A., Voitkun, V., & Costa, M. (1995) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/16.4.907 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationSugden, K. D., Campo, C. K., & Martin, B. D. (2001) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx010088+ · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Reynolds, M., Stoddard, L., Bespalov, I. A., & Zhitkovich, A. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl1069 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Mismatch Repair Proteins Are Activators of Toxic Responses to Chromium-DNA Damage
Peterson-Roth, E., Reynolds, M., Quievryn, G., & Zhitkovich, A. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.9.3596-3607.2005 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Proctor, D. M., Suh, M., Campleman, S. L., & Thompson, C. M. (2014) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.009 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Takahashi, Y. K., Kondo, K., Hirose, T., Nakagawa, H., Tsuyuguchi, M., Hashimoto, M., Sano, T., Ochiai, A., & Monden, Y. (2004) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.20073 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Domingo‐Relloso, A., Grau-Pérez, M., Galán-Chilet, I., Garrido-Martinez, M. J., Tormos, C., Navas‐Acién, A., Gómez‐Ariza, J. L., Monzó-Beltrán, L., Sáez, G. T., García‐Barrera, T., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.055 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Zhitkovich, A., Song, Y., Quievryn, G., & Voitkun, V. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0015459 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Hailer, M. K., Slade, P. G., Martin, B. D., & Sugden, K. D. (2005) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx0501379 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Effects of chromium and resistive training on muscle strength and body composition
HALLMARK, M. A., REYNOLDS, T. H., DeSOUZA, C. A., DOTSON, C. O., ANDERSON, R. A., & ROGERS, M. A. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199601000-00025 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Reynolds, M., Peterson, E., Quievryn, G., & Zhitkovich, A. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m402486200 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hepburn, D. D. D., Xiao, J., Bindom, S. M., Vincent, J. B., & O’Donnell, J. M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0636646100 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise (Running) on Serum Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon, and Chromium Excretion
Anderson, R. A., Polansky, M. M., Bryden, N. A., Roginski, E. E., Patterson, K. Y., & Reamer, D. C. (1982) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.31.3.212 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dai, R., Liu, J., Yu, C., Sun, R., Lan, Y., & Mao, J. (2009) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.009 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Thompson, C. M., Proctor, D. M., Haws, L. C., Hebert, C. D., Grimes, S. D., Shertzer, H. G., Kopec, A. K., Hixon, J. G., Zacharewski, T. R., & Harris, M. A. (2011) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr164 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Shaw, P., Mondal, P., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2018) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.104 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in an industrial area
Vimercati, L., Gatti, M. F., Gagliardi, T., Cuccaro, F., Maria, L. D., Caputi, A., Quarato, M., & Baldassarre, A. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8827-6 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Mechanism of DNA−Protein Cross-Linking by Chromium
Macfie, A., Hagan, E., & Zhitkovich, A. (2009) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx9003402 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Analysis of the binding sites of chromium to DNA and protein in vitro and in intact cells
Salnikow, K., Zhitkovich, A., & Costa, M. (1992) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/13.12.2341 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Developments in the Biochemistry of Chromium(III)
Vincent, J. B. (2004) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1385/bter:99:1-3:001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Metabolic chromium balances in men
Offenbacher, E. G., Spencer, H. J., Dowling, H. J., & Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/44.1.77 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rager, J. E., Suh, M., Chappell, G. A., Thompson, C. M., & Proctor, D. M. (2019) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kalayarasan, S., Narayanan, S., Sureshkumar, A., & Sudhandiran, G. (2008) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.1355 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Thompson, C. M., Haws, L. C., Harris, M. A., Gatto, N. M., & Proctor, D. M. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq320 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Dietary chromium and nickel enhance UV-carcinogenesis in skin of hairless mice
Uddin, A., Burns, F. J., Rossman, T. G., Chen, H., Kluz, T., & Costa, M. (2007) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.030 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSen, P., Conway, K., & Costa, M. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsorption of the Biomimetic Chromium Cation Triaqua-Μ3-oxo-Μ-hexapropionatotrichromium(III) in Rats
Clodfelder‐Miller, B., Chang, C., & Vincent, J. B. (2004) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1385/bter:98:2:159 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Spi? selection: An efficient method to detect ?-ray-induced deletions in transgenic mice
Nohmi, T., Suzuki, M., Masumura, K., Yamada, M., Matsui, K., Ueda, O., Suzuki, H. I., Katoh, M., Ikeda, H., & Sofuni, T. (1999) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1999)34:1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Arita, A., SHAMY, M. Y., Chervona, Y., Clancy, H. A., Sun, H., Hall, M. N., Qu, Q., Gamble, M. V., & Costa, M. (2012) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.012 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of Gene Expression Profiles in Chromate Transformed BEAS-2B Cells
Sun, H., Clancy, H. A., Kluz, T., Zavadil, J., & Costa, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017982 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBhattacharya, A., Gupta, A. K., Kaur, A., & Malik, D. (2019) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2019.060 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chen, D., Kluz, T., Fang, L., Zhang, X., Sun, H. J., Jin, C., & Costa, M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157317 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationHexavalent chromium induces chromosome instability in human urothelial cells
Wise, S. S., Holmes, A. L., Liou, L. S., Adam, R. M., & Wise, J. P. (2016) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.015 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rubin, M. A., Miller, J. P., Ryan, A. S., Treuth, M. S., Patterson, K. Y., Pratley, R. E., Hurley, B. F., Veillon, C., Moser‐Veillon, P. B., & Anderson, R. A. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.1.73 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Increased DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes of residents living in chromium-contaminated areas
Taioli, E., Zhitkovich, A., Kinney, P. L., Udasin, I. G., Toniolo, P. G., & Costa, M. (1995) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/bf02785408 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, X., Zhuang, Z., & Costa, M. (1992) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/13.10.1763 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationThompson, C. M., Seiter, J. M., Chappell, M. A., Tappero, R. V., Proctor, D. M., Suh, M., Wolf, J. C., Haws, L. C., Vitale, R. J., Mittal, L., et al. (2014) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfu206 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wu, W., Yao, C., Lou, J., Chen, R., Jin, L., Wu, N., Gao, M., Song, P., Tan, Y., et al. (2015) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.22117 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Complexing of amino acids to DNA by chromate in intact cells.
Voitkun, V., Zhitkovich, A., & Costa, M. (1994) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s3251 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAntigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds on potassium dichromate and hydrogen peroxide
Cemeli, E., Carder, J., Anderson, D. C., Guillamet, E., Morillas, M. J., Creus, A., & Marcos, R. (2003) · Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/tcm.10080 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ascorbate is a pro-oxidant in chromium-treated human lung cells
Martin, B. D., Schoenhard, J. A., Hwang, J.-M., & Sugden, K. D. (2006) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chromium and chromium compounds.
Motzer, W. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Costa, M., Zhitkovich, A., Toniolo, P. G., Taioli, E., Popov, T. A., & Lukanova, A. (1996) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s5917 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMcAdory, D., Rhodes, N. R., Briggins, F., Bailey, M. M., Bona, K. R. D., Goodwin, C. M., Vincent, J. B., & Rasco, J. F. (2011) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-011-9002-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sugiyama, M., Tsuzuki, K., Lin, X., & Costa, M. (1992) · Mutation Research Letters · doi:10.1016/0165-7992(92)90109-u · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBone marrow and liver mutagenesis in lacZ transgenic mice treated with hexavalent chromium
Itoh, S., & Shimada, H. (1998) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00171-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Clastogenicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium in lacZ transgenic mice
Itoh, S. (1997) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00026-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Clementino, M., Kim, D., & Zhang, Z. (2019) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfz032 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Costa, M., Zhang, Q., Kluz, T., & Salnikow, K. (2002) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1385/bter:86:1:11 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of chromium(III) as a nutritional supplement
Lukaski, H. C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64121-2.00002-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Thompson, C. M., Hixon, J. G., Proctor, D. M., Haws, L. C., Suh, M., Urban, J. D., & Harris, M. A. (2012) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kapp, R. W. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00234-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chromium hexavalent compounds.
(2002) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [5]Wilbur S,, in Toxicological Profile for Chromium. 2012: Atlanta (GA). 24049864
- Journal NB, NBJ’s supplement business report. 2017, Penton Media San Diego, CA. This business analysis highlights the sales of various supplements across different demographics across the United States. It highlights increasing trends in chromium-containing supplement sales and other types of supplements overall.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects
Jomová, K., Alomar, S. Y., Nepovimová, E., Kuča, K., & Valko, M. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
Prasad, S., Yadav, K. K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Cabral-Pinto, M. M. S., Rezania, S., Radwan, N., & Alam, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112174 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Health hazards of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and its microbial reduction
Sharma, P., Singh, S. P., Parakh, S. K., & Tong, Y. W. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2037273 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Current understanding of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] neurotoxicity and new perspectives
Wise, J. P., Young, J. L., Cai, J., & Cai, L. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106877 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Regulations for chromium emissions to the aquatic environment in Europe and elsewhere
Vaiopoulou, E., & Gikas, P. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126876 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Martins, A. C. P., de Carvalho, J. M. F., Costa, L. C. B., Andrade, H. D., de Melo, T. V., Ribeiro, J. C. L., Pedroti, L. G., & Peixoto, R. A. F. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123265 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Singh, S., Anil, A. G., Khasnabis, S., Kumar, V., Nath, B., Adiga, V., Naik, T. S. S. K., Subramanian, S., Kumar, V., Singh, J., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111891 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Georgiadis, A. G., Charisiou, N. D., & Goula, M. A. (2020) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal10050521 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Nano-remediation of toxic heavy metal contamination: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]
Nazeer, A. A., Dash, S. S., Gummadi, S. N., & Deepa, V. S. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129204 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Monga, A., Fulke, A. B., & Dasgupta, D. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100113 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Accumulation of chromium in plants and its repercussion in animals and humans
Kapoor, R. T., Mfarrej, M. F. B., Alam, P., Rinklebe, J., & Ahmad, P. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119044 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards
Iyer, M., Anand, U., Saranya, T., Babu, H. W. S., Narayanasamy, A., Prajapati, V. K., Tiwari, C. K., Gopalakrishnan, A. V., Bontempi, E., Sonne, C., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163483 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Global Situation, Health Risks and Reduction Methods
Scutarașu, E. C., & Trincă, L. C. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12183340 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Sharma, P., & Kumar, S. (2021) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125589 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Heavy metal and metalloid - induced reproductive toxicity
Mukherjee, A. G., Wanjari, U. R., Renu, K., Vellingiri, B., & Gopalakrishnan, A. V. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2022.103859 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The Double Face of Metals: The Intriguing Case of Chromium
Genchi, G., Lauria, G., Catalano, A. A., Carocci, A., & Sinicropi, M. S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11020638 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups
Ayele, A., & Godeto, Y. G. (2021) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2021/7694157 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Bist, P., & Choudhary, S. (2022) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-021-03092-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wu, H., Wei, W., Xu, C., Meng, Y. D., Bai, W., Yang, W., & Lin, A. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109902 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Human exposure to heavy metals: toxicity mechanisms and health implications
Ohiagu, F. O., Chikezie, P. C., Ahaneku, C. C., & Chikezie, C. M. (2022) · Material Science & Engineering International Journal · doi:10.15406/mseij.2022.06.00183 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Unboxing the molecular modalities of mutagens in cancer
Kumari, S., Sharma, S., Advani, D., Khosla, A., Kumar, P., & Ambasta, R. K. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16726-w · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Shaw, P., Mondal, P., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135622 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rahman, Z., & Thomas, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.619766 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Biogeochemical behaviour and toxicology of chromium in the soil-water-human nexus: A review
Mortada, W. I., El‐Naggar, A., Mosa, A. A., Palansooriya, K. N., Yousaf, B., Tang, R., Wang, S., Cai, Y., & Chang, S. X. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138804 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Heavy Metals Toxicity: Mechanism, Health Effects, and Therapeutic Interventions
Cheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, C., & Zhang, F. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70241 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A review on chromium health hazards and molecular mechanism of chromium bioremediation
Murthy, M. K., Khandayataray, P., Padhiary, S., & Samal, D. (2022) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2021-0139 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Li, H. L., Zhao, C., Li, X., Fu, H., Wang, Z., & Wang, C. (2020) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156147 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Hexavalent chromium at the crossroads of science, environment and public health
Zhigalenok, Y. S., Tazhibayeva, A., Kokhmetova, S., Starodubtseva, A. A., Kan, T., Isbergenova, D., & Malchik, F. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra03104d · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Yazman, M. M., Ustaoğlu, F., & Yüksel, B. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107172 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Niu, J., An, W.-T., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., & Han, Z. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129408 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wang, Y.-J., Zeng, Y.-N., Li, J.-G., Zhang, Y.-Z., Zhang, Y.-J., & Zhao, Q.-Z. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120377 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Development of lab-on-chip biosensor for the detection of toxic heavy metals: A review
Karthik, V., Karuna, B., Kumar, P. S., Saravanan, A., & Hemavathy, R. V. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134427 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Xu, C., Xu, Y., Zhong, D., Chang, H., Mou, J., Wang, H., & Shen, H. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124266 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Alharby, H. F., & Ali, S. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12030338 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Jia, K., Ji, Y. T., He, X., Xie, J., Wang, P., & Liu, X. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127166 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bell, J., Ma, X., McDonald, T. J., Huang, C., & Sharma, V. K. (2022) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.1c00409 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Epigenetic Regulation in Chromium-, Nickel- and Cadmium-Induced Carcinogenesis
Zhao, L., Islam, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.-J., & Liu, L.-Z. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14235768 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lv, Y., Li, T., Yang, M., Su, L., Zhu, Z., Zhao, S., Zeng, W., & Zheng, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.684398 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dhar, K., Venkateswarlu, K., & Megharaj, M. (2023) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-023-03729-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Abdel-Mohsen, A. M., Jancar, J., Kalina, L., & Hassan, A. F. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115861 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Xu, C., Xu, Y., Zhong, D., Chang, H., Mou, J., Wang, H., & Shen, H. (2022) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119872 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chromium contamination in paddy soil-rice systems and associated human health risks in Pakistan
Ali, W., Zhang, H., Mao, K., Shafeeque, M., Aslam, M. W., Yang, X., Zhong, L., Feng, X., & Podgorski, J. E. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153910 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chitosan-based nanocomposites for removal of Cr(VI) and synthetic food colorants from wastewater
Singh, S., Arputharaj, E., Dahms, H.-U., Patel, A. K., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127018 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mushtaq, Z., Asghar, H. N., & Zahir, Z. A. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127865 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Jeong, H., Lee, Y. H., Sayed, A. E. H., Jeong, C., Zhou, B., Lee, J., & Byeon, E. (2022) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106348 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Tasleem, S., Masud, S., Habib, S. S., Naz, S., Fazio, F., Aslam, M., Ullah, M., & Attaullah, S. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-29480-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Chromium induced neurotoxicity by altering metabolism in zebrafish larvae
Xu, Y., Wang, L., Zhu, J., Jiang, P., Zhang, Z., Li, L., & Wu, Q. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112983 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pietrelli, L., Ferro, S., Reverberi, A. P., & Vocciante, M. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123166 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Environmental and public health effects of spent drilling fluid: An updated systematic review
Antia, M., Ezejiofor, A. N., Amadi, C. N., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100120 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Xu, C., Xu, Y., Zhong, D., Chang, H., Mou, J., Wang, H., & Shen, H. (2022) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.108977 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
El-Demerdash, F. M., El-Sayed, R. A., & Abdel‐Daim, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126791 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Toxicology of metals: Overview, definitions, concepts, and trends
Nordberg, G. F., Nordberg, M., & Costa, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823292-7.00029-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, Y., Szulejko, J. E., Kim, K., Kumar, V., & Li, X. (2023) · CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (CHINESE VERSION) · doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(23)64553-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Protective effect of luteolin against chemical and natural toxicants by targeting NF‐κB pathway
Mahdiani, S., Omidkhoda, N., Heidari, S., Hayes, A. W., & Karimi, G. (2022) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1876 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rezagholizade-shirvan, A., Masrournia, M., Najafi, M. F., & Behmadi, H. (2022) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-022-04095-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shellaiah, M., Thirumalaivasan, N., Sun, K. W., & Wu, S. (2020) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2020.105754 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Heavy metal ion sensing strategies using fluorophores for environmental remediation
Shanmugavel, A., Rene, E. R., Balakrishnan, S. P., Krishnakumar, N., & Jose, S. P. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119544 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Qin, L., Liao, X., & Zhao, L. (2025) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2025.127692 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bai, T., Wang, X., He, Y., Wei, H., Su, Y., & Chen, J. (2023) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202301110 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ullah, S., Mahmood, S., Ali, R., Khan, M. R., Akhtar, K., & Depar, N. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128728 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Samuel, M. S., Datta, S., Chandrasekar, N., Balaji, R., Ethiraj, S., & Vuppala, S. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11123290 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jyoti, J., Singh, S. P., Das, S., & Srivastava, S. (2023) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2023.103310 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Singh, K., Kumari, M., & Prasad, K. S. (2022) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.202200303 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trace Metals in the Environment
Joseph, D. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1001530 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Salazar, M. R., Saini, L., Nguyen, T. B., Pinkerton, K. E., Madl, A. K., Cole, A. M., & Poulin, B. A. (2025) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5c00641 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Husna, H., Hussain, A., Shah, M., Hamayun, M., Iqbal, A., Murad, W., Irshad, M. S., Qadir, M., & Kim, H. (2021) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-021-03156-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sazakli, E. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040406 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Highly efficient selective elimination of heavy metals from solutions by different strategies
Cai, Y., Fang, M., Tan, X., Hu, B., & Wang, X. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127975 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hegazy, R. R., Mansour, D. F., Salama, A., Hassan, A. M., & Saleh, D. O. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112220 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Srivastava, A. N., & Chakma, S. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.135725 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Neuroprotective effect of sodium alginate against chromium-induced brain damage in rats
Saleh, E. M. R. M., Hamdy, G. M., & Hassan, R. E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266898 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
RetractedBatch studies of hexavalent chromium biosorption from mining wastewater using Aspergillus niger
Ume, O. L., Ekeoma, B. C., Yusuf, M., Al‐Kahtani, A. A., Ubaidullah, M., & Sillanpää, M. E. T. (2022) · Results in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100490 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Examining Metal Contents in Primary and Secondhand Aerosols Released by Electronic Cigarettes
Kapiamba, K. F., Hao, W., Owusu, S. Y., Liu, W., Huang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00411 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Othman, J. A. S., Ilyas, R. A., Nordin, A. H., Ngadi, N., & Alkbir, M. F. M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134451 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kooshki, F., Tutunchi, H., Vajdi, M., Karimi, A., Niazkar, H. R., Shoorei, H., & Gargari, B. P. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13462 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Tang, J., Zhang, B., Long, Z.-E., Ni, H., Fu, X., & Zou, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1242410 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Trace elements profile in the blood of Huntington’ disease patients
Squadrone, S., Brizio, P., Abete, M. C., & Brusco, A. (2019) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Qiao, J., Wang, Y., Liang, Q. D., Dong, S., Zeng, Z., & Shao, S. (2022) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.2c00521 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kim, J., Haque, M. N., Lee, S., Lee, D.-H., & Rhee, J. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10100563 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yan, Y., Zhang, L., Shu, W., Huang, T., & Crane, R. A. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.140613 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chemical mechanisms of DNA damage by carcinogenic chromium(VI)
Krawic, C., & Zhitkovich, A. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2022.07.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Teschke, R., & Xuan, T. D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311656 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zaib, Q., & Kyung, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12787-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Saidi, A., Khawaja, R. E., & Boffito, D. C. (2023) · ACS Engineering Au · doi:10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00046 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Silicon mediated heavy metal stress amelioration in fruit crops
Rachappanavar, V., Sk, G., Jayaprakash, G. K., & Abbas, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37425 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Epigenetic toxicity of heavy metals − implications for embryonic stem cells
Kim, N., Filipovic, D., Bhattacharya, S., & Cuddapah, S. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109084 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dabhade, A. H., Sivaraman, J., & Balasubramanian, P. (2021) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-021-02736-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Christou, A., Georgiadou, E. C., Zissimos, A. M., Christoforou, I. C., Christofi, C., Neocleous, D., Dalias, P., Ioannou, A., & Fotopoulos, V. (2021) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104564 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mo, A., Huang, Y., Gu, Z., Liu, C., Wang, J., & Yuan, Y. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15855-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Zhu, T., Zhang, X., Jin, M., Jiao, L., Meng, F., Figueiredo-Silva, C., Hong, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101088 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Han, H., Song, P., Cai, Z., Dong, W., Khan, A., Yang, K., Fang, Y., Liu, P., Mašek, O., & Li, X. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132118 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Arishi, A. A., & Mashhour, I. (2021) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.15.1.32 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Li, N., Zhang, X., Wu, H., & Yu, S. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115622 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Roy, S., Bardhan, S., Chanda, D. K., Roy, J., Mondal, D., & Das, S. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c13433 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Assessing chromium toxicity across aquatic and terrestrial environments: a cross-species review
Suljević, D., Fočak, M., & Alijagić, A. (2024) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/01480545.2024.2350660 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zaib, Q., Park, H., & Kyung, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92535-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Speer, R. M., Meaza, I., Toyoda, J. H., Lü, Y., Xu, Q. Y., Walter, R. B., Kong, M., Lü, H., Kouokam, J. C., & Wise, J. P. (2022) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2022.115890 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Vaid, K., Dhiman, J., Sarawagi, N., & Kumar, V. (2020) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02280 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Seddik, N. B., Chraka, A., Zarki, Y., Idriss, H. O., Rami, S., Janoub, F., Raissouni, I., Draoui, K., Aghzzaf, A. A., & Bouchta, D. (2023) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171052 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Popovici, V., Bucur, L. A., Gîrd, C. E., Râmbu, D. T., Calcan, S. I., Cucolea, E. I., Costache, T., Ungureanu‐Iuga, M., Oroian, M. A., Mironeasa, S., et al. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11070854 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- DesMarias, T. L., & Costa, M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Costa, Max
- ORCID
- Costa, Max
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 2468-2020 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6737927
- OpenAlex
- W2946723057
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- chromium toxicity, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, carcinogenesis, oxidative stress, DNA adducts, chromosome breakage, environmental pollutants, chromium supplementation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
