The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity
Open accessAbstract
Chromium is a pervasive environmental contaminant that is of great importance because of its toxicity. Hexavalent chromium is a classified group 1 carcinogen with multiple complex mechanisms by which it triggers cancer development. Increased levels of oxidative stress, chromosome breaks, and DNA-adduct formation are some of the major mechanisms by which C(VI) causes cellular damage. Trivalent chromium is another species of chromium that is described as a non-essential metal, and is used in nutritional supplementation. Evidence on nutritional benefit is conflicting which could suggest that humans absorb enough Cr(III) from diet alone, and that extra supplementation is not necessary. This review highlights the differences between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from a chemical and toxicological perspective, describes short-comings in nutritional research of Cr(III), and explains the multiple mechanisms by which Cr(VI) is involved in the process of carcinogenesis.
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“Cr(III) is generally non-toxic and is an essential agent in animal and human metabolisms2.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Cr(VI) is known to induce lung cancer, skin irritation, and damage to kidneys, livers, and gastric systems2,4.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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“However, Cr(VI) is hazardous to living organisms due to its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity2 and is among 129 critical pollutants identified by the US EPA3.”
From Optimized removal of hexavalent chromium from water using spent tea leaves treated with ascorbic acid (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cites
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Self-citationToxicity and Carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in Animal Models and Humans
Costa, M. (1997) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408449709078442 · Cited by 619
Self-citationPotential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water
Costa, M. (2003) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00011-5 · Cited by 567
Self-citationImportance of Chromium−DNA Adducts in Mutagenicity and Toxicity of Chromium(VI)
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Reflections on Hexavalent Chromium: Health Hazards of an Industrial Heavyweight
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects
Jomová, K., Alomar, S. Y., Nepovimová, E., Kuča, K., & Valko, M. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2 · Cited by 1,229
Prasad, S., Yadav, K. K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Cabral-Pinto, M. M. S., Rezania, S., Radwan, N., & Alam, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112174 · Cited by 744
Health hazards of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and its microbial reduction
Sharma, P., Singh, S. P., Parakh, S. K., & Tong, Y. W. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2037273 · Cited by 694
Current understanding of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] neurotoxicity and new perspectives
Wise, J. P., Young, J. L., Cai, J., & Cai, L. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106877 · Cited by 346
Regulations for chromium emissions to the aquatic environment in Europe and elsewhere
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Metadata
- Authors
- DesMarias, T. L., & Costa, M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Costa, Max
- ORCID
- Costa, Max
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 2468-2020 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6737927
- OpenAlex
- W2946723057
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- chromium toxicity, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, carcinogenesis, oxidative stress, DNA adducts, chromosome breakage, environmental pollutants, chromium supplementation
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