Gating Approaches in Cardiac PET Imaging
Open accessAbstract
Cardiac PET provides high sensitivity and high negative predictive value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies. Cardiac, respiratory as well as bulk patient motion have detrimental effects on thoracic PET imaging, in particular on cardiovascular PET imaging where the motion can affect the PET images quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Gating can ameliorate the unfavorable impact of motion additionally enabling evaluation of left ventricular systolic function. In this article, the authors review the recent advances in gating approaches and highlight the advances in data-driven approaches, which hold promise in motion detection without the need for complex hardware setup.
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In cardiac PET imaging, contraction of the myocardium contributes to quantitative inaccuracy of uncorrected static PET protocols.
“In cardiac PET imaging, contraction of the myocardium further contributes to the quantitative inaccuracy of uncorrected static PET protocols [90,91].”
From Influences on PET Quantification and Interpretation (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
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Assessment of myocardial fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis using [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04-PET-CT
Treutlein, C., Distler, J. H. W., Taşçılar, K., Fakhouri, S. C., Györfi, A., Atzinger, A., Matei, A., Dees, C., Büttner-Herold, M. J., Kuwert, T., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-022-06081-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Lassen, M. L., Kwieciński, J., Dey, D., Cadet, S. J., Germano, G., Berman, D. S., Adamson, P. D., Moss, A. J., Dweck, M. R., Newby, D. E., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-019-04437-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluences on PET Quantification and Interpretation
Rogasch, J. M. M., Hofheinz, F., van Heek, L., Voltin, C.-A., Boellaard, R., & Kobe, C. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12020451 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In cardiac PET imaging, contraction of the myocardium further contributes to the quantitative inaccuracy of uncorrected static PET protocols [90,91].”
BackgroundNon-invasive photoacoustic computed tomography of rat heart anatomy and function
Lin, L., Tong, X., Cavallero, S., Zhang, Y., Na, S., Cao, R., Hsiai, T. K., & Wang, L. V. (2023) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-022-01053-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Andrews, J. P. M., Macnaught, G., Moss, A. J., Doris, M. K., Pawade, T., Adamson, P. D., van Beek, E. J. R., Lucatelli, C., Lassen, M. L., Robson, P. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s12350-019-01962-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMotion-correction strategies for enhancing whole-body PET imaging
Wang, J., Bermudez, D. H., Chen, W., Durgavarjhula, D., Randell, C., Uyanik, M., & McMillan, A. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.3389/fnume.2024.1257880 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Advances in the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Activity with PET/CT and CTA
Kwieciński, J., Wolny, R., Chwała, A., & Slomka, P. J. (2023) · Tomography · doi:10.3390/tomography9010026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Quantitative Analysis of 18 F-Sodium Fluoride Coronary Imaging
Kwieciński, J., Lassen, M. L., & Slomka, P. J. (2021) · Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1155/2021/8849429 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSeparated Respiratory Phases for In Vivo Ultrasonic Thermal Strain Imaging
Yin, C., Wang, G., Xie, Y., Tu, J., Sun, W., Kong, X., Guo, X., & Zhang, D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2022.3149287 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Long Axial Field of View PET/CT: Technical Aspects in Cardiovascular Diseases
Martínez-Lucio, T. S., Mendoza-Ibáñez, O. I., Liu, W., Mostafapour, S., Li, Z., Providência, L., de Souza, G. S., Mohr, P., Dobrolińska, M. M., van Leer, B., et al. (2024) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lehtonen, E., Teuho, J., Koskinen, J., Tadi, M. J., Klén, R., Siekkinen, R., Gambin, J. R., Vasankari, T., & Saraste, A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21123983 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Value of PET ECG gating in a cross-validation study of cardiac function assessment by PET/MR imaging
Asiares, A. V., Vitadello, T., Bogdanović, B., Solari, E. L., McIntosh, L., Schachoff, S., Ibrahim, T., & Nekolla, S. G. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s12350-022-03105-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Motion in nuclear cardiology imaging: types, artifacts, detection and correction techniques
Mohammadi, I., Castro, I. F., Rahmim, A., & Veloso, J. F. C. A. (2021) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac3dc7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gupta, A., Park, J. Y., Choi, H., Choi, T. H., Chung, Y., Kim, D., & Lee, Y. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00412 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lassen, M. L., Tzolos, E., Pan, T., Kwieciński, J., Cadet, S. J., Dey, D., Berman, D. S., & Slomka, P. J. (2022) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.15834 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationUtility of cardiac imaging in patients with ventricular tachycardia
Hawson, J. J., Joshi, S. B., Al‐Kaisey, A., Das, S. K., Anderson, R. D., Morton, J. B., Kumar, S., Kistler, P. M., Kalman, J. M., & Lee, G. (2023) · Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2023.03.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Veneziano, F. A., Gioia, F. A., & Gentile, F. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd12090338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hashimoto, H., Kuronuma, K., Hyun, M. C., Han, D., Builoff, V. M., Cadet, S., Dey, D., Berman, D. S., Kwieciński, J., & Slomka, P. J. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2024.102045 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation of optimal number of gates in dual gated 18F-FDG cardiac PET
Klén, R., Teuho, J., Noponen, T., Thielemans, K., Hoppela, E., Lehtonen, E., Sipilä, H. T., Teräs, M., & Knuuti, J. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75613-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Notohamiprodjo, S., Scheidhauer, K., Eiber, M. J., Yakushev, I. Y., Asiares, A. V., Kraus-Deuringer, J., Krebs-Fleischmann, H. W. A., Kleiner, S., Eggerstedt, R., Eglseder, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2024.102010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fanta, O., Patil, S., Werner, T. J., Torigian, D. A., & Alavi, A. A. (2025) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-025-02240-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Błach, A., & Kwieciński, J. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13101791 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Deep generative denoising networks enhance quality and accuracy of gated cardiac PET data
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Advanced Cardiac Imaging in the Assessment of Aortic Stenosis
Grodecki, K., Warniełło, M., Śpiewak, M., & Kwieciński, J. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10050216 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DeTransUnet: attenuation correction of gated cardiac images without structural information
Wang, B., Lu, L., & Liu, H. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac840e · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Novel PET Applications and Radiotracers for Imaging Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
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Guo, L., Liu, C., & Soultanidis, G. M. (2025) · PET Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2025.07.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Novel PET Applications and Radiotracers for Imaging Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
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Device-Less Data-Driven Cardiac and Respiratory Gating Using LAFOV PET Histo Images
Overbeck, N., Andersen, T. L., Rodell, A. B., Cabello, J., Birge, N., Schleyer, P., Conti, M., Korsholm, K., Fischer, B. M., Andersen, F. L., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14182055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Coronary artery disease imaging with total-body PET
Clark, L. E., Balmforth, C., Gil, M., Kwieciński, J., Slomka, P. J., Newby, D. E., Dweck, M. R., & Williams, M. C. (2026) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1093/bjr/tqag093 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationA Cardiac-Gating Method for Human Cerebral Hemodynamic Signal Extraction
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Kim, H., Tang, R., Shrestha, U. M., Chae, H., Levi, J., Flavell, R. R., & Seo, Y. (2026) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.70606
Investigation of CardioFreeze Motion Correction for Cardiac PET/CT
Wang, A. R., Guo, L., Fazzone‐Chettiar, R., Weyman, C. A., Hayden, C., Spottiswoode, B. S., Thorn, S., Liu, Y.-H., Liu, C., & Miller, E. J. (2026) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2026.103000
- Authors
- Lassen, M. L., Kwiecinski, J., & Slomka, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slomka, Piotr J.
- Venue
- PET Clinics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 271-279
- ISSN
- 1556-8598 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6793993
- OpenAlex
- W2913989203
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PET Clinics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL135557)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- cardiac PET, gating, respiratory motion, cardiac motion, motion correction, left ventricular systolic function, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy
- MeSH terms
- Electrocardiography, Humans, Cardiomyopathies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Positron-Emission Tomography, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques, Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques, Multimodal Imaging
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