Cited by 693Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

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The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model

Rapee, Ronald M., Spence, Susan H.·2004·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004

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Abstract

Research into the etiology of social phobia has lagged far behind that of descriptive and maintaining factors. The current paper reviews data from a variety of sources that have some bearing on questions of the origins of social fears. Areas examined include genetic factors, temperament, childrearing, negative life events, and adverse social experiences. Epidemiological data are examined in detail and factors associated with social phobia such as cognitive distortions and social skills are also covered. The paper concludes with an initial model that draws together some of the current findings and aims to provide a platform for future research directions.

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Authors: Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Rapee, Ronald M.
ORCID: Rapee, Ronald M.
Spence, Susan H.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 24
Issue: 7
Pages: 737-767
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004
OpenAlex: W2032980834
Cited by: 693
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 2.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, etiology, genetic factors, temperament, parenting, negative life events, cognitive distortions, social skills
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Culture, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Phobic Disorders, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Empirical Research

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model

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