Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (also known as "social phobia") is frequently comorbid with major depression, and in such cases, almost always precedes it. This has led to interest in SAD as a possible modifier of the risk and/or course of mood disorders. METHODS: Data come from a prospective, longitudinal epidemiologic study of adolescents and young adults (aged 14-24 years) in Munich, Germany. Respondent diagnoses (N = 2548) at baseline and follow-up (34-50 months later) are considered. The influence of SAD at baseline on the risk, course, and characteristics of depressive disorders (ie, major depression or dysthymia) at follow-up is examined. RESULTS: The baseline prevalence of SAD was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1%-8.4%). Social anxiety disorder in nondepressed persons at baseline was associated with an increased likelihood (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; 95% CI, 2.0-6.0) of depressive disorder onset during the follow-up period. Furthermore, comorbid SAD and depressive disorder at baseline was associated with a worse prognosis (compared with depressive disorder without comorbid SAD at baseline). This is exemplified by the greater likelihood of depressive disorder persistence or recurrence (OR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.6) and attempted suicide (OR = 6.1; 95% CI, 1.2-32.2). CONCLUSIONS: Social anxiety disorder during adolescence or young adulthood is an important predictor of subsequent depressive disorders. Moreover, the presence of comorbid SAD in adolescents who are already depressed is associated with a more malignant course and character of subsequent depressive illness. These findings may inform targeted intervention efforts.
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Depression-SAD comorbidity results in greater severity of symptoms, poorer functioning, and a greater presence of comorbid substance use disorders compared with depression without SAD.
“Depression-SAD comorbidity results in greater severity of symptoms, poorer functioning, and a greater presence of comorbid substance use disorders compared with depression without SAD (Dalrymple & Zimmerman, 2007; Nelson et al., 2000; Stein et al., 2001).”
From An Integrated, Acceptance-Based Behavioral Approach for Depression With Social Anxiety: Preliminary Results (2014) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2001
Anxiety and related disorders are associated with an increased risk of developing a comorbid major depressive disorder.
“Anxiety and related disorders are associated with an increased risk of developing a comorbid major depressive disorder [10-12].”
From Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Adolescence brings heightened risk for social anxiety disorder (SAD) onset.
“Although SAD can be diagnosed in early and middle childhood, a disproportionately high prevalence of cases emerges in late childhood and early adolescence (Beesdo et al., 2010, Stein et al., 2001).”
From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2001
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BackgroundA Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety.
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“, 2005), and confers risk for mood (Stein et al., 2001) and substance use disorders (Buckner et al.”
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101874 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dalrymple, K. L., Wahrer, K. S., Walsh, E., Rosenstein, L., & Zimmerman, M. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2022-0014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., Müller, N., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Murray B.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2001-03-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 251
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164855913
- Cited by
- 573
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 23.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, depression, comorbidities, adolescents, young adults, depression recurrence, suicide attempts, prognosis, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Suicide, Attempted, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Secondary Prevention
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