Cited by 708Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 176 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs

Bögels, Susan M., Brechman-Toussaint, Margaret L.·2006·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Family studies have found a large overlap between anxiety disorders in family members. In addition to genetic heritability, a range of family factors may also be involved in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety. Evidence for a relationship between family factors and childhood as well as parental anxiety is reviewed. Four groups of family variables are considered: (I) attachment; (II), aspects of family functioning, such as marital conflict, co-parenting, functioning of the family as a whole, and sibling relationships; (III) parental rearing strategies; and (IV) beliefs that parents hold about their child. The reviewed literature provides evidence for an association between each of these family factors and child anxiety. However, there is little evidence as yet that identified family factors are specific to child anxiety, rather than to child psychopathology in general. Moreover, evidence for a relationship between child anxiety and family factors is predominantly cross-sectional. Therefore, whether the identified family factors cause childhood anxiety still needs to be investigated. Further research that investigates mechanisms mediating the relationship between family factors and child anxiety is also called for. Finally, parental beliefs are identified as important predictors of parental behaviour that have largely not been investigated in relation to child anxiety disorders.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001

Cites

176 of 176 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Untitled work
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570
Families and Family Therapy
Minuchin, S. (1974) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674041127 · Cited by 4,785
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788
Families and Family Therapy
Minuchin, S. (2009) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjz83h8 · Cited by 3,504
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161
Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized/Disoriented During the Ainsworth Strange Situation
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003569978-2 · Cited by 1,978
Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce.
Emery, R. E. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.310 · Cited by 1,380

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 173 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Krohne, 1992, Developmental conditions of anxiety and coping: A two-process model of child-rearing effects, Vol. 7, 143
Mills, 1992, A longitudinal study of maternal beliefs about children's social behaviors, Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 38, 494

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 708

How Family Factors Impact Psychosocial Functioning for African American Consumers with Schizophrenia
Guada, J. M., Hoe, M., Floyd, R., Barbour, J., & Brekke, J. S. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9365-6 · Cited by 16
“As previously noted, some studies show that when multiple members of a family report on the same phenomenon there is some divergence in the responses ( Bogels and Brechman-Toussant 2006 ).”
Result
Familienfunktionalität und familiäre Beziehungen im Perspektivenvergleich
Wiegand‐Grefe, S., Alberts, J., Petermann, F., & Plaß, A. (2016) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000192 · Cited by 14
Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style
Riskind, J. H., Sica, C., Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., & Kashdan, T. B. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.010 · Cited by 15
The Parent–Child Relationship and Posttreatment Child Outcomes Across Two Treatments for Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Booker, J. A., Capriola-Hall, N. N., Greene, R. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1555761 · Cited by 17
“Although these disorders reflect different challenges with self-regulation and skill deficits, family approaches remain salient for children’s clinical outlooks (see Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
The psychosocial impacts of wildland fires on children, adolescents and family functioning: a scoping review
Kulig, J. C., & Dabravolskaj, J. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18063 · Cited by 14
The first 12.5 years of parenthood: A latent trait-state occasion model of the longitudinal association between maternal distress and child internalizing and externalizing problems.
Missler, M. A., van Straten, A., Denissen, J. J. A., Donker, T., de Weerth, C., & Beijers, R. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001203 · Cited by 14
The mediating role of coping strategies between depression and social support and the moderating effect of the parent–child relationship in college students returning to school: During the period of the regular prevention and control of COVID-19
Wang, J., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Hua, L., Wang, J., Jin, Y., He, L., Chen, Y., & Yao, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.991033 · Cited by 19
“According to Bögel’s findings (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), among many other family-related factors, the relationship with parents has a significant impact on adolescent mental health.”
Method
EARLY RISK FACTORS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN OFFSPRING OF PARENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER: THE ROLE OF OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS AND MATERNAL COMORBID ANXIETY
Freed, R. D., Tompson, M. C., Otto, M. W., Nierenberg, A. A., Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R., Wang, C. H., & Henin, A. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22254 · Cited by 14
“Evidence suggests that parental over-control and anxious rearing may contribute to the development of offspring anxiety disorders.[38, 39] Regardless of whether events during delivery are directly or indirectly contributory, our findings suggest that comorbid anxiety in mothers with BD may set in motion a chain of eve…”
Result
Paternal autonomy restriction, neighborhood safety, and child anxiety trajectory in community youth
Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Chan, P. T., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.006 · Cited by 14
“…to prevent the development of feelings of control and self-efficacy in novel or feared situations, fostering a sense of hopelessness that is associated with increased anxiety (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Chorpita & Barlow, 1998; Hudson, Comer, & Kendall, 2008; Wood, 2006; Wood et al., 2003).”
Background
Orta Çocukluk Döneminde Ebeveynlere Bağlanma, Benlik Algısı ve Kaygı
Sümer, N., & Şendağ, M. A. (2009) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · Cited by 14
Maternal comforting behavior, toddlers’ dysregulated fear, and toddlers’ emotion regulatory behaviors.
Kiel, E. J., Price, N. N., & Premo, J. E. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000600 · Cited by 15
Parental Anxiety and Depression Moderate Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Psychological Aggression in China
Wang, M., Wang, F., Wang, Y., & Xing, X. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519850535 · Cited by 14
“These results were consistent with previous findings (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Conron et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResult
The relationship between family diet consumption, family environment, parent anxiety and nutrition status children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study
Peng, L.-L., Hu, R., Feng, Y., Shi, W., Zhao, L., & Jiang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228626 · Cited by 13
Health Anxiety in Adolescents: The Roles of Online Health Information Seeking and Parental Health Anxiety
Svestkova, A., Kvardová, N., & Šmahel, D. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02689-8 · Cited by 18
“Therefore, we derive our assumptions from other anxiety disorders, as the category is often handled together and appears to share common factors that affect transmission (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Lawrence et al., 2019).”
Parental overcontrol x OPRM1 genotype interaction predicts school-aged children’s sympathetic nervous system activation in response to performance challenge
Partington, L. C., Borelli, J. L., Smiley, P. A., Jarvik, E. R., Rasmussen, H. F., Seaman, L. C., & Nurmi, E. L. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.011 · Cited by 12
Validation of the Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale in Middle Childhood
Scharf, M., Rousseau, S., & Smith, Y. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0286-4 · Cited by 13
Implementing psychiatric day treatment for infants, toddlers, preschoolers and their families: a study from a clinical and organizational perspective
Fürniss, T., Müller, J. M., Achtergarde, S., Wessing, I., Averbeck‐Holocher, M., & Postert, C. (2013) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-7-12 · Cited by 13
Perceived Parenting Styles Fail to Mediate Between Anxiety and Attachment Styles in Adult Siblings of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
O’Neill, L. P., & Murray, L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2859-5 · Cited by 13
Caregiver anxiety and the association with acute postoperative pain in children undergoing elective ambulatory surgery in a lower‐middle‐income country setting
Knoetze, R., Lachman, A., Moxley, K., & Chetty, S. (2020) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.13954 · Cited by 13
Validating the instrument of study anxiety sources using factor analysis
Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Herawan, T., Othman, A., & Sinnadurai, S. K. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.381 · Cited by 13
Family Functioning in Humanitarian Contexts: Correlates of the Feminist-Grounded Family Functioning Scale among Men and Women in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Blackwell, A., Asghar, K., Hategekimana, J. D. D., Roth, D., O’Connor, M., & Falb, K. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02356-4 · Cited by 13
“To date, studies examining family functioning have explored its association with factors including child and caregiver mental health and wellbeing (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Boudreault-Bouchard et al., 2013; Putnick et al., 2015), as well as outcomes of family and community violence…”
Background
Chinese college students’ mental health during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic: the protective role of family functioning
Zeng, Z., Holtmaat, K., Leeuw, I. M. V., & Koole, S. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1383399 · Cited by 12
“Effective family functioning provides various psychological benefits, such as promoting secure attachment (17), enhancing a sense of belonging (18), and offering ample opportunities for social–emotional support (19).”
Background
Facing the Beast Apart Together: Fear in Boys and Girls after Processing Information about Novel Animals Individually or in a Duo
Muris, P., & Rijkee, S. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9427-y · Cited by 12
“Research has indicated that parental rearing practices are involved in the development of children’s fear (e.g., Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
Background
Learning About Parenting Together: A Programme to Support Parents with Inter-generational Concerns in Pune, India
de Wit, E. E., Adithy, A., Chakranarayan, C., Bunders, J., & Regeer, B. J. (2017) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-017-9429-7 · Cited by 13
“Safe and supportive home environments, and positive parenting styles, are generally considered to have a protective influence on children’s mental health (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
Background
Autonomy‐restrictive socialization of anger: Associations with school‐aged children’s physiology, trait anxiety, state distress, and relationship closeness
Smiley, P. A., Partington, L. C., Cochran, C. R., & Borelli, J. L. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21975 · Cited by 14
Impact of expectation violation on relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.
Mitnick, D. M., Heyman, R. E., Slep, A. M. S., Giresi, J., & Shanley, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000870 · Cited by 12
Mindful Parenting Group Intervention for Parents of Children with Anxiety Disorders
Farley, R., de Diaz, N. A. N., Emerson, L., Simcock, G. P., Donovan, C. L., & Farrell, L. J. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01492-2 · Cited by 18
“, greater warmth, responsiveness), which is predictive of lower subsequent rates of anxiety disorders or remission in children [7, 29, 71].”
Background
The Separation Anxiety Daily Diary: Child Version: Feasibility and Psychometric Properties
Allen, J. L., Blatter‐Meunier, J., Ursprung, A., & Schneider, S. (2010) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0194-1 · Cited by 12
“observational and retrospective studies have consistently shown that parents of anxious children are more reinforcing of child avoidance, studies relying on parent or child current subjective report have yielded conflicting findings [ 35 , 36].”
Result
Investigating Unique Environmental Influences of Parenting Practices on Youth Anxiety
Chen, J., Yu, J., & Zhang, J. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025415611261 · Cited by 12
“Parental warmth/acceptance may help promote children’s emotion regulation thus reduce their vulnerability to anxiety (Maccoby, 1992), whereas rejection and hostility may undermine children’s self-worth and competence, thus increasing their anxiety symptoms (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
An observational study of parent–child behaviours in paediatric OCD: Examining the origins of inflated responsibility
Mathieu, S. L., Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., & Lightbody, J. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.07.004 · Cited by 13
The Influence of Parent Factors on Child Perfectionism: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cook, L. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34917/4332532 · Cited by 12
Trust, communication and healthy parental attachment among Malaysian academically talented college students
Ishak, N. M., Yunus, M. M., & Iskandar, I. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.360 · Cited by 13
Família e creche: crenças a respeito de temperamento e desempenho de bebês
Melchiori, L. E., Alves, Z. M. M. B., Souza, D. C., & Bugliani, M. A. P. (2007) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722007000300002 · Cited by 12
A Neglectful Parenting Style Moderates the Effect of the Verbal Threat Information Pathway on Children's Heart Rate Responses to Novel Animals
Price-Evans, K., & Field, A. P. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004396 · Cited by 12
“the intergenerational transmission of anxiety (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Anxiety Within Families: Interrelations, Consistency, and Change
Stevenson‐Hinde, J., Curley, J. P., Chicot, R., & JÓHANNSSON, C. (2007) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00231.x · Cited by 12
“This indicates a key role that couple or family intervention could play in decreasing maternal anxiety and in turn reducing well-documented effects of anxiety on child outcome (reviewed in Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Reducing parental anxiety using a family based intervention for youth mental health: A randomized controlled trial
Bertino, M. D., Richens, K., Knight, T., Toumbourou, J. W., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Lewis, A. J. (2013) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2013.31a013 · Cited by 13
Parenting behaviors and anxious self-talk in youth and parents.
Wei, C., Cummings, C. M., Aalberg, M., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036703 · Cited by 14
Epidemiology and Natural Course
Beesdo‐Baum, K., & Knappe, S. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch3 · Cited by 12
Risk and protective factors associated with adolescent depression in Singapore: a systematic review
Goh, W. S., Tan, J. H. N., Luo, Y., Ng, S. H., Sulaiman, M. S. B. M., Wong, J. C. M., & Loh, V. W. K. (2023) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2021-192 · Cited by 13
Is parental overcontrol a specific form of child maltreatment? Insights from a resting state EEG connectivity study
Carbone, G. A., Imperatori, C., Adenzato, M., Presti, A. L., Farina, B., & Ardito, R. B. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106962 · Cited by 14
Supporting parents to reduce children's anxiety: A meta-analysis of interventions and their theoretical components
Rienks, K., Salemink, E., Sigurðardóttir, L. B. L., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Staaks, J. P. C., & Leijten, P. H. O. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104692 · Cited by 13
Associations between overprotective parenting style and academic anxiety among Chinese high school students
Li, D., Li, W., Lin, X., & Zhu, X. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02455-z · Cited by 22
Family Functioning and Adolescents’ Mental Health Problems: A Mixed-methods Analysis of Community and Clinical Samples
Demetriou, C. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.1177/2192001x251326198 · Cited by 21
“Ontheotherhand,studieshaveillustratedthatfamilyfunctioning is a risk factor, as it has been found to be signi ﬁ cantly related to anxiety (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), depression (Daches et al., 2018) and aggression (Perez-Fuentes et al., 2019).”
The Role of Children's Neurophysiological Functioning in the Links Between Emotion‐Parenting Behaviors and Child Anxiety Symptoms: A Biological Sensitivity to Context Framework
Han, Z. R., Zhang, X., Davis, M., & Suveg, C. M. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12438 · Cited by 10
Preventing anxiety in the children of anxious parents – feasibility of a brief, online, group intervention for parents of one‐ to three‐year‐olds
Palmer, E., Woolgar, M., Carter, B., Cartwright‐Hatton, S., & Challacombe, F. L. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12596 · Cited by 11
Parenting clinically anxious versus healthy control children aged 4–12 years
van der Sluis, C. M., van Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.002 · Cited by 11
“…of opportunities to gain feelings of mastery, autonomy, conrol and independence, thereby maintaining or increasing child nxiety (e.g. for reviews see Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; reswell et al., 2011; Wood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003; or a meta-analysis see van der Bruggen, Stams, &…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
The Importance of Consumer Perceived Criticism on Clinical Outcomes for Outpatient African Americans with Schizophrenia
Guada, J. M., Hoe, M., Floyd, R., Barbour, J., & Brekke, J. S. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9366-5 · Cited by 11
“Some studies show that when multiple members of a family report on the same phenomenon there is some divergence in responses (Bogels and Brechman-Toussant 2006).”
Background
Parental changes after involvement in their anxious child's cognitive behavior therapy
Esbjørn, B. H., Sømhovd, M. J., Nielsen, S. K. K., Normann, N., Leth, I., & Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.008 · Cited by 11
“Parental behaviors are relatively well described in the literature, although mostly through studies applying cross sectional (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006) and/or laboratory-based observation designs (Rapee et al., 2009).”
Background
Involving Parents in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Child Anxiety Problems
Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Cartwright‐Hatton, S. (2013) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650113510398 · Cited by 11
“…that encouraging and reinforcing trial and error learning (rather than taking control of tasks or permitting avoidance) would help Laura to continue to develop useful coping strategies and a sense of control over feared situations (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Cartwright-Hatton et al., 2010).”
Background
Why do People Worry and Ruminate? Investigating Factors that Maintain Repetitive Negative Thought
Kingston, R. E. F. (2013) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · doi:10.5127/jep.027712
“…self-report measures, in which participants may have been unwilling to disclose highly personal information (e.g., experiences of abuse), and which have been critiqued as potentially suffering from mood-dependent biases and poor agreement with parent reports (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
BackgroundResult
Der Zusammenhang von Bindungsmustern und der Entwicklung von Angstsymptomen im Kindes- und Jugendalter/ Attachment Patterns and their Relation to the Development of Anxiety Symptoms in Childhood and Adolescence
Achtergarde, S., Müller, J. M., Postert, C., Wessing, I., Mayer, A., & Romer, G. (2015) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2015.64.7.496 · Cited by 11
Gestalt Intervention Groups for Anxious Parents in Hong Kong: A Quasi-Experimental Design
Leung, G. S.-M., & Khor, S. H. (2017) · Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work · doi:10.1080/23761407.2017.1311814 · Cited by 14
“…anxious parents tend to have higher incidences of symptoms of anxiety themselves than other children; they also have lower levels of academic and emotional self-efficacy (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Mazaheri, Ghasemzadeh, Saadat, Karami, & Pourshahriari, 2011; McLeod, Wood, & Weisz, 2007).”
Background
Relación entre los estilos educativos parentales o prácticas de crianza y la ansiedad infanto-juvenil: una revisión bibliográfica
Besteiro, E. M., & QUINTANILLA, A. J. (2017) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/rep75-2-2017-10 · Cited by 11
The hidden burden of social anxiety disorder in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Byrne, S., Fogle, B. M., Asch, R., Esterlis, I., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.088 · Cited by 14
BDNF Val66Met, stress, and positive mothering: Differential susceptibility model of adolescent trait anxiety
Chen, J., Yu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.001 · Cited by 12
Rearing histories of individuals with and without social anxiety who become first time parents
Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615801003596951 · Cited by 11
“Although there is ample evidence for an association between parenting and social anxiety, both in childhood and in adulthood (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Fisak & Grills,”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Conceptualising the Relationship between Maternal Parenting Style and Adolescent Self-Esteem: A Pragmatic Approach
Boer, O. E., & Tranent, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Relationships Research · doi:10.1017/jrr.2013.5 · Cited by 11
“However, the correlation between selfesteem and parenting style was great enough that a positive relationship between these two variables would still likely exist, even if shared method variance was present (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Introduction to the Special Issue: Understanding the Role of Attentional Control in the Development of Anxiety in Childhood, Adolescence and across the Lifespan
Hadwin, J. A., Visu‐Petra, L., Muris, P., Derakshan, N., & MacLeod, C. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/204380871600700301 · Cited by 12
“For example, there is evidence that parenting styles that involve high levels of control, coupled with rejection, may increase the risk of childhood anxiety (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Rapee, Schneiring & Hudson, 2009).”
Preoperative anxiety in children: prevention and management. A comprehensive review and analysis
Otto, C. O., Tawuye, H. Y., Aytolign, H. A., Ferede, Y. A., Tegegne, B. A., & Admassie, B. M. (2025) · International Journal of Surgery Open · doi:10.1097/io9.0000000000000262 · Cited by 10
“Bögels 2006 [ 24 ] Family issues in child anxiety: attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs”
Drivers of ‘voluntary’ recruitment and challenges for families with adolescents engaged with armed groups: Qualitative insights from Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Blackwell, A., Agengo, Y., Ozoukou, D., Wendt, J. U., Nigane, A., Goana, P., Kanani, B., & Falb, K. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001265 · Cited by 10
A "Cool Kids" Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Group for Youth with Anxiety Disorders: Part 2, Analysis of the Process and Outcome of Responders Versus Nonresponders
Lundkvist‐Houndoumadi, I., & Thastum, M. (2013) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i2.1818 · Cited by 10
“Cognitive factors such as the children’s locus of control and threat appraisal are hypothesized to be the mediating factors between parenting styles and childhood anxiety (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Anxiety and Social Functioning: The Moderating Roles of Family Accommodation and Youth Characteristics
Etkin, R. G., Silverman, W. K., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00884-z · Cited by 13
“…research links parenting similarly characterized by high levels of control and protection to the development and maintenance of youth anxiety and social difficulties (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Elicker et al., 2016; Ginsburg et al., 1995; Hudson et al., 2009; McDowell & Parke, 2009).”
Background
The impact of childhood family functioning on anxious, depressive, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adulthood among African Americans
Sawyer, B. A., Williams, M. T., Chasson, G. S., Davis, D. M., & Chapman, L. K. (2014) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.10.004 · Cited by 10
The Effects of a Mother’s Big Five Personality Factors and Playfulness on Maternal Parenting Behavior
Han, J. H., & Lee, J. S. (2015) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2015.36.5.173 · Cited by 10
“예컨 대 자녀에게 거부적․통제적인 양육행동을 보이 는 부모의 아동은 유능감이 낮고 수용받지 못한다 고 지각하며 세상을 부정적이고 안전하지 않은 곳 으로 인식하게 되며, 이에 따라 높은 우울과 불안 을 경험한다(Bȫgels & Brechman-Toussaint 2006; McLeod, Weisz, & Wood, 2007a; McLeod, Wood, & Weisz, 2007b).”
Family and Parent Predictors of Anxiety Disorder Onset in Offspring of Anxious Parents
Ginsburg, G. S., Schleider, J. L., Tein, J. Y., & Drake, K. L. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9432-z · Cited by 10
“Specifically, data on family environments indicate that families characterized as high in conflict (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006) and external locus of control (Becker et al. 2010) have been associated with higher levels of child anxiety and/or the presence of child anxiety disorders.”
Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor Structure and Specificity in Relation to Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents
Yan, Y., Wang, J., Yu, W., He, L., & Oei, T. P. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2018.15.1.41 · Cited by 10
Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Paediatric OCD: Exploring the Role of Parental Rearing and Child Age
Mathieu, S. L., Conlon, E. G., Waters, A. M., McKenzie, M. L., & Farrell, L. J. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00938-w · Cited by 10
Effectiveness of a behavioral treatment protocol for selective mutism in children: Design of a randomized controlled trial
Pereira, C. R., Ensink, J. B. M., Güldner, M. G., Kan, K., de Jonge, M. V., Lindauer, R., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100644 · Cited by 12
Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
Kemmis-Riggs, J., Grove, R., McAloon, J., & Berle, D. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00700-0 · Cited by 12
“…evidence is clear that experiences within the family environment play a vital role in increasing or ameliorating children’s risk of anxiety and depressive disorders (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; McLeod et al. 2007a, b; Rapee et al. 2009; Restifo and Bögels 2009; Van Voorhees et al. 2008).”
Background
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Lavallee, K. L., & Schneider, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813004-9.00008-6 · Cited by 11
Family dynamics and psychosocial functioning in children with SCI/D from Colombia, South America
Nicolais, C. J., Perrin, P. B., Panyavin, I. S., Nicholls, E. G., Olivera, S. L., Quintero, L. M., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1179/2045772314y.0000000291 · Cited by 10
Multiprofessionelle Intervallbehandlung psychisch kranker Kinder im Vorschulalter und ihrer Eltern in einer Familientagesklinik
Postert, C., Achtergarde, S., Wessing, I., Romer, G., Fürniss, T., Averbeck‐Holocher, M., & Müller, J. M. (2014) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2014.63.10.812 · Cited by 10
Association Between Parents’ Marital Status and the Development of Purpose, Hope, and Self-Esteem in Adolescents in Hong Kong
Wing, H.-C., & Wong, M. (2017) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x15606490 · Cited by 13
“In particular, researchers have suggested that poor family functioning is a cause of psychopathology in youth (e.g., Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Cummings, Keller, & Davies, 2005).”
Background
Child--parent relations: attachment and anxiety disorders
Manassis, K. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994920.014 · Cited by 10
Relationship of the Parenting Styles of Overstressed Mothers with the Anxiety of their Children
Ajilchi, B., Kargar, F. R., & Ghoreishi, M. K. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.302 · Cited by 13
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Schneider, S., & Lavallee, K. L. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118315088.ch14 · Cited by 10
A "Cool Kids" Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Group for Youth with Anxiety Disorders: Part 1, The Case of Erik
Lundkvist‐Houndoumadi, I., & Thastum, M. (2013) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i2.1817 · Cited by 10
“…is supported by studies indicating that biological parents of children with anxiety are often overcontrolling and negative towards them (see Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), and biologically unrelated mothers also tend to be over-involved when interacting with anxious A "Cool Kids"…”
Background
A moderated mediation model of the relationship between academic stress and digital game addiction
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05002-4 · Cited by 9
“Negative or dysfunctional relationships between parents and adolescents pose significant obstacles to the develop - ment of adolescents’ ability to cope with negative events (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Hudson & Rapee, 2001).”
Parent Anxiety, Child Anxiety, Parental Beliefs about Anxiety, and Parenting Behaviors: Examining Direct and Indirect Associations
Friedman, H. P., Bilsky, S. A., & Luber, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02665-2 · Cited by 11
“Anxious rearing behaviors are also associated with higher trait anxiety, temperamental rigidity, and lower self-competence in offspring (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Woodruff-Borden et al., 2002).”
Background
Postpartum-Specific Anxiety and Maternal–Infant Bonding: A Predictive Validity Study amongst Italian Women
Ionio, C., Ciuffo, G., Christiansen, P., Vedova, A. M. D., Fallon, V., Figlino, M. F., Landoni, M., Silverio, S. A., Smorti, M., & Bramante, A. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060107 · Cited by 9
“Other studies have linked anxious parenting to increased parental control (e.g., high intrusiveness and excessive regulation of child behavior) [27–29].”
Background
[Parental involvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders].
Aydın, A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Enhanced Family Approaches for the Anxiety Disorders
Lippert, M. W., Pflug, V., Lavallee, K. L., & Schneider, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.009 · Cited by 10
Frequency and Correlates of Fathers' Accommodation in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
Alcan, E., Anderson, T., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01190-x · Cited by 9
A Longitudinal Study of Power-Assertive Discipline, Inductive Discipline and Preschoolers’ Anxiety: Preschoolers’ Forgiveness as a Moderator
Gu, M., & Kwok, S. Y. C. L. (2019) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-019-09654-2 · Cited by 10
Inherited and environmental influences on a childhood co-occurring symptom phenotype: Evidence from an adoption study
Roos, L. E., Fisher, P. A., Shaw, D. S., Kim, H. K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Natsuaki, M. N., & Leve, L. D. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000322 · Cited by 12
“…from parenting and exhibit a negative parenting style, which predicts the emergence of both internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in young children (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Dawson et al., 2003; Goodman & Gotlib, 1999; McLeod, Wood, & Weisz, 2007; Pemberton et al., 2010).”
Development and validation of the Modeling of Parental Anxiety Questionnaire
Elfström, S., & Åhlén, J. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102515 · Cited by 8
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Ginsburg, G. S., & Affrunti, N. W. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6599-7_4 · Cited by 10
Adolescent mental health, attachment characteristics, and unexplained chest pain: a case–control study
Bolat, N., Eliaçık, K., Yavuz, M., Kanık, A., Mertek, H., Güven, B., Doğrusöz, B., & Bakiler, A. R. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1454374 · Cited by 8
Changes in rejection and psychological control during parent–child interactions following CBT for children’s anxiety disorder.
der Giessen, D. V., Colonnesi, C., & Bögels, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000543 · Cited by 9
“…rejection and low parental warmth, children might perceive the environment as hostile and threatening, and this may lead to a negative self-view and undermine children’s emotion regulation, thereby increasing sensitivity to child anxiety (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; McLeod et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Wie Babys vom Gesichtsausdruck der Mutter lernen
Bolten, M. I., & Schneider, S. (2010) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000002 · Cited by 8
Attachment as a predictor of non response to CBT treatment in children with anxiety disorders
Walczak, M., Esbjørn, B. H., & Breinholst, S. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1339099 · Cited by 11
“Overcontrol has been defined as a pattern of behavior involving excessive regulation of children’s activities and/or routines, high levels of parental vigilance and intrusion, and the discouragement of independent problem-solving (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Cognitive-Behavioral and Mother-Child Interactive Therapies on Anxiety of Children With Under-Methadone Treatment Mother
Pirnia, B., Tabatabaei, S. K. R., Pirkhaefi, A., & Soleimani, A. (2017) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.2.136 · Cited by 8
FRIENDS parent project : effectiveness of parent training in reducing parent anxiety in a universal prevention program for anxiety symptoms in school children
Fukushima-Flores, M. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0053978 · Cited by 8
Parental beliefs about anxiety as a mediator of parental Overcontrol and adolescent anxiety
Francis, S. E., & Manley, S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02378-y · Cited by 7
“…to which parents are overprotective with their child or limit their child’s ability to engage in activities that the parent perceives as potentially threatening, is also associated with childhood anxiety (e.g., Beesdo et al., 2010; Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Bögels & van Melick, 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Prevalence and treatment of perinatal anxiety: diagnostic interview study
Ayers, S., Sinesi, A., Meade, R., Cheyne, H., Maxwell, M., Best, C., McNicol, S., Williams, L. R., Hutton, U. M. Z., Howard, G., et al. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.823 · Cited by 9
Relationships Between Adolescent Perception of Family Functioning and Affective Symptomatology
Nguyen, T. N. B., Chance, A. B., Roske, C., Chase, E., Rubinstein, T. B., Zayde, A., Mowrey, W. B., & Gabbay, V. (2024) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.09.002 · Cited by 7
“7,11,16 As such, the relationship between family function and internalizing disorders is thought to be bidirectional, 14,17 and maintaining healthy family functioning shows great promise in easing psychiatric burden for adolescents and their families.”
Patterns of Family Identification and Self-Congruence in Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder
Blatter‐Meunier, J., Lavallee, K. L., & Schneider, S. (2013) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000348629 · Cited by 7
PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLES AND SCHOOL ANXIETY IN PREADOLESCENTS
Butnaru, S. (2016) · CBU International Conference Proceedings · doi:10.12955/cbup.v4.801 · Cited by 7
“…express excessive regulation of children's activities and/or routines, high levels of parental vigilance and intrusion, and discourage independent problem-solving (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006); parents are also over-protective and concerned (Pereira, Barros, Mendonc, & Muris, 2014).”
Background
A dysfunctional family environment and a high body fat percentage negatively affect telomere length in Mexican boys aged 8‐10 years
Licea‐Cejudo, R. C., Arenas‐Sandoval, L. K., Salazar‐León, J., Martínez‐Martínez, M. V., Carreón‐Rodríguez, A., Pedraza‐Alva, G., & Pérez‐Martínez, L. (2020) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15234 · Cited by 7
The Baby Care Scale: A Psychometric Study With Fathers During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Pinto, T. M., Nunes-Costa, R. A., & Figueiredo, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751330 · Cited by 6

Authors: Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Bögels, Susan M.
ORCID: Bögels, Susan M.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Pages: 834-856
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001
OpenAlex: W1966079923
Cited by: 708
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 26.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: childhood anxiety, family factors, attachment, family functioning, parental beliefs, intergenerational transmission of anxiety, parental anxiety, marital conflict, co-parenting, sibling relationships, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attitude, Child, Psychology, Child, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Family, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Object Attachment, Perception, Risk Factors, Parenting

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks