Cited by 708Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs

Bögels, Susan M., Brechman-Toussaint, Margaret L.·2006·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001

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Abstract

Family studies have found a large overlap between anxiety disorders in family members. In addition to genetic heritability, a range of family factors may also be involved in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety. Evidence for a relationship between family factors and childhood as well as parental anxiety is reviewed. Four groups of family variables are considered: (I) attachment; (II), aspects of family functioning, such as marital conflict, co-parenting, functioning of the family as a whole, and sibling relationships; (III) parental rearing strategies; and (IV) beliefs that parents hold about their child. The reviewed literature provides evidence for an association between each of these family factors and child anxiety. However, there is little evidence as yet that identified family factors are specific to child anxiety, rather than to child psychopathology in general. Moreover, evidence for a relationship between child anxiety and family factors is predominantly cross-sectional. Therefore, whether the identified family factors cause childhood anxiety still needs to be investigated. Further research that investigates mechanisms mediating the relationship between family factors and child anxiety is also called for. Finally, parental beliefs are identified as important predictors of parental behaviour that have largely not been investigated in relation to child anxiety disorders.

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Parenting mediates the impact of maternal depression on child internalizing symptoms
Kuckertz, J. M., Mitchell, C. M., & Wiggins, J. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22688 · Cited by 96
“…both childhood depression and anxiety as outcomes when examining the role of parental factors (Yap et al., 2014), which is supported by evidence suggesting shared parental risk factors for these disorders (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Dozois, Seeds, & Collins, 2009; Wilamowska et al., 2010).”
Background
Environmental transmission of generalized anxiety disorder from parents to children: worries, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty
Aktar, E., Nikolić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/eaktar · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Parental behaviors and adolescents' achievement goals at the beginning of middle school: Emotional problems as potential mediators.
Duchesne, S., & Ratelle, C. F. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019320 · Cited by 108
Mom told me scary things about this animal: Parents installing fear beliefs in their children via the verbal information pathway
Muris, P., van Zwol, L., Huijding, J., & Mayer, B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.001 · Cited by 94
Heterogeneity in development of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms in an 8-year longitudinal community study
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Frijns, T., van Lier, P. A. C., & Meeus, W. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000503 · Cited by 107
“…(for a systematic review, see Kingery, Erdley, Marshall, Whitaker, & Reuter, 2010), the parent– child relationship (for a systematic review, see Bo¨gels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; for a meta-analysis, see McLeod, Wood, & Weisz, 2007), identity development (e.g., Crocetti et al., 2009), and…”
Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: The TRAILS study
van Oort, F. V. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20818 · Cited by 100
“[29] Little consensus exists regarding the socioeconomic situation of the family as a risk factor for anxiety.[9,18,21,30] Finally, peer factors can form a risk for anxiety.”
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Family dysfunction and Adolescents' anxiety and depression: A multiple mediation model
Wang, Y., Tian, L., Guo, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101090 · Cited by 113
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Children's fear reactions to the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic: The role of threat information as provided by parents
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“Besides genetic ransmission (see Eley & Gregory, 2004), at least part of the interenerational transfer of fear and anxiety can be ascribed to anxious earing behaviors of parents (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; ood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003).”
Background
Maternal Criticism and Adolescent Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms: A 6-Year Longitudinal Community Study
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S., Hawk, S. T., & Meeus, W. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9817-x · Cited by 95
The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms
Wijsbroek, S. A. M., Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., & Meeus, W. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0183-3 · Cited by 86
“and child anxiety have on one another [21, 44].”
BackgroundInfluential
Family Functioning and Psychological Health of Children with Mentally Ill Parents
Wiegand‐Grefe, S., Sell, M., Filter, B., & Plaß-Christl, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071278 · Cited by 84
“Public Health 2019, 16, 1278; doi:10.3390/ijerph16071278 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Boegels and Brechman-Toussaint [7] identified a higher percentage of dysfunctional family structures in families with parental anxiety disorders in comparison to psychologically healthy controls or other parental disorders.”
BackgroundInfluential
Irritability and Severity of Anxious Symptomatology Among Youth With Anxiety Disorders
Cornacchio, D., Crum, K. I., Coxe, S. J., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.007 · Cited by 91
Perceived Psychological Control and Anxiety in Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Attributional Style
Schleider, J. L., Vélez, C. E., Krause, E. D., & Gillham, J. E. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9573-9 · Cited by 82
Group therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., McLaughlin, E., Grahame, V., Taylor, H., Honey, E., Tavernor, L., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M., Hemm, C., Steen, N., et al. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313488839 · Cited by 81
“Thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006) was used to extrapolate main themes from the transcripts; two independent raters divided participant responses into themes derived by the interviewer, with 100% agreement.”
Method
The Impact of Brief Parental Anxiety Management on Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes: A Controlled Trial
Hudson, J. L., Newall, C., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Schneider, S. C., Seeley-Wait, E., Edwards, S., & Gar, N. S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807734 · Cited by 79
“…underreport their own anxiety symptoms, potentially due to feelings of guilt that is associated with feeling responsible for the child’s anxiety (Kendall & Suveg, 2006), and (b) self-report measures of anxiety tend to be less objective than clinical interviews (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Parental rearing as a function of parent's own, partner's, and child's anxiety status: Fathers make the difference
Bögels, S. M., Bamelis, L. L. M., & van der Bruggen, C. O. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801886706 · Cited by 78
“Parental negativity is conceptualised as the absence of warmth and acceptance and the presence of parental criticism and rejection (see Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Parenting and social anxiety: fathers’ versus mothers’ influence on their children’s anxiety in ambiguous social situations
Bögels, S. M., Stevens, J., & Majdandžić, M. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02345.x · Cited by 91
“…for the disorder (Hettema, Prescott, Myers, Neale, & Kendler, 2005; Kendler et al., 1992), factors such as information processing, modelling, rearing, and family functioning may play a role in the intergenerational transmission from parents to offspring (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Self-citation
Indirect Effects of Parenting Practices on Internalizing Problems among Adolescents: The Role of Expressive Suppression
Balan, R., Dobrean, A., Roman, G. D., & Balázsi, R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0532-4 · Cited by 78
“For example, two main domains of cognitive functioning posited to act as mechanisms through which parental over-control promotes child anxiety are outcome expectancy biases and children’s locus of control (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Chorpita & Barlow 1998).”
Background
Relationship between parental psychological control and problem behaviours in youths: A three-level meta-analysis
Yan, F., Zhang, Q., Ran, G., Li, S., & Niu, X. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104900 · Cited by 76
Self-Reported and Observed Punitive Parenting Prospectively Predicts Increased Error-Related Brain Activity in Six-Year-Old Children
Meyer, A., Hajcak, G., Bufferd, S. J., Kujawa, A., Laptook, R. S., Torpey, D. C., & Klein, D. N. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9918-1 · Cited by 81
“…desirability and other biases associated with self-reports, it is difficult to determine the extent to which observations conducted in a short laboratory visit generalize to daily interactions between parents and children (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Epstein 1980; Greco and Morris 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal Associations Between Perceived Parent-Adolescent Attachment Relationship Quality and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence
van Eijck, F. E. A. M., Branje, S., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9613-z · Cited by 83
“It is assumed that emotional problems of adolescents could lead to negative responses of their parents (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
The impact of maternal anxiety disorder on mother-infant interaction in the postpartum period
Reck, C., Tietz, A., Müller, M., Seibold, K., & Tronick, E. Z. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194763 · Cited by 77
“Other research has linked anxious parenting to higher parental control [45,46,47] (e.”
BackgroundResult
Anxiety levels in clinically referred children and their parents: examining the unique influence of self-reported attachment styles and interview-based reflective functioning in mothers and fathers.
Esbjørn, B. H., Pedersen, S. H., Daniel, S. I. F., Hald, H. H., Holm, J. M., & Steele, H. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12024 · Cited by 75
Anxiety in the family: a genetically informed analysis of transactional associations between mother, father and child anxiety symptoms
Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Eley, T. C., Leve, L. D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., & McAdams, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13068 · Cited by 73
Developmental Epidemiology of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia in Adolescents
Knappe, S., Sasagawa, S., & Creswell, C. (2015) · Social Anxiety and Phobia in Adolescents · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_3 · Cited by 74
Parenting and Parental Anxiety and Depression as Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Has the Role of Fathers Been Underestimated?
Liber, J. M., van Widenfelt, B. M., Goedhart, A. W., Utens, E. M. W. J., van der Leeden, A. J. M., Markus, M. T., & Treffers, P. D. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359692 · Cited by 75
“A recent meta-analysis (McLeod et al, 2006 ) and two reviews consistently identified higher rates of parental control as a substantial parenting factor related to anxiety in children (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006 ; Wood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003 ).”
Background
A research for identifying study anxiety sources among university students
Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., & Awang, M. G. (2010) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v3n2p189 · Cited by 74
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Background
Parenting behaviour as a mediator between young children's negative emotionality and their anxiety/depression
van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bögels, S. M., & Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C. (2010) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.665 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
Longitudinal Relations Between Adolescent and Parental Behaviors, Parental Knowledge, and Internalizing Behaviors Among Urban Adolescents
Garthe, R. C., Sullivan, T. N., & Kliewer, W. L. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0112-0 · Cited by 87
“Additionally, several review articles found that parental warmth and acceptance were negatively related to depressive and anxiety symptoms (e.g., Bogels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Rapee 1997; Wood et al. 2003).”
Characterizing the association between parenting and adolescent social phobia
Knappe, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fehm, L., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.014 · Cited by 87
“One parent may reinforce or even compensate for the unfavorable behavior of the other (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Bögels & Phares, 2008).”
Background
Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents
Chiu, A. W., Falk, A. E., & Walkup, J. T. (2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150029 · Cited by 73
Psychosocial mechanisms for the transmission of somatic symptoms from parents to children
van Tilburg, M. A. L. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5532 · Cited by 77
Family dysfunction and anxiety in adolescents: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and perceived school stress
Guo, L., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.04.002 · Cited by 87

Authors: Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Bögels, Susan M.
ORCID: Bögels, Susan M.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Pages: 834-856
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001
OpenAlex: W1966079923
Cited by: 708
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 26.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: childhood anxiety, family factors, attachment, family functioning, parental beliefs, intergenerational transmission of anxiety, parental anxiety, marital conflict, co-parenting, sibling relationships, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attitude, Child, Psychology, Child, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Family, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Object Attachment, Perception, Risk Factors, Parenting

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Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs

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