The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) function. Research linking traumatic stress with HPA function in PTSD has been inconsistent, however, in part due to (a) the inclusion of trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (TE) in control groups and (b) a failure to consider comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and moderating variables. This meta-analysis of 47 studies (123 effect sizes, N=6008 individuals) revealed that daily cortisol output was lower for PTSD (d=-.36, SE=.15, p=.008) and PTSD+MDD (d=-.65, SE=.25, p=.008) groups relative to no trauma controls (NTC); TE and NTC groups did not differ significantly from each other. Afternoon/evening cortisol was lower in TE (d=-.25, SE=.09, p=.007) and PTSD (d=-.27, SE=.12, p=.021) groups and higher in PTSD+MDD groups (d=.49, SE=.24, p=.041) relative to NTC. Post-DST cortisol levels were lower in PTSD (d=-.40, SE=.12, p<.001), PTSD+MDD (d=-.65, SE=.14, p<.001), and TE groups (d=-.53, SE=.14, p<.001) relative to NTC. HPA effect sizes were moderated by age, sex, time since index event, and developmental timing of trauma exposure. These findings suggest that enhanced HPA feedback function may be a marker of trauma-exposure rather than a specific mechanism of vulnerability for PTSD, whereas lower daily cortisol output may be associated with PTSD in particular.
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“Dysfunction of the HPA axis and blunted cortisol response has been found in adults with PTSD [11,12].”
From Biological Embedding of Early-Life Adversity and a Scoping Review of the Evidence for Intergenerational Epigenetic Transmission of Stress and Trauma in Humans (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The compounded effect of concerns regarding contracting the virus, the psychological impact of being ‘locked down’, combined with worries about employment may lead to anxiety, depression and/or post‐traumatic stress symptomology (Morris et al., 2012).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 2012
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“a disorder that also shows the above neuroendocrine abnormalities [161, 172, 173] as well as neurocognitive changes [249, 250], emergent psychosocial stressors [251], and genetic predispositions [252].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [173]
In the citing paper
“abnormally low baseline levels of plasma cortisol are typically observed in this disorder [173]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [173]
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“We also found abnormally low cortisol levels in trauma survivors, corroborating prior work47.”
From Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
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Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- *Lemieux, A.M. (1998). Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Challenge to the norepinephrine-to-cortisol hypothesis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(2B), 0908.
Cited by
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Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: a meta-analysis
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017 · Cited by 855
“Still, it is of note that our general 12 result pattern corresponds to the results of a recent qualitative review on HCC data in the context of trauma and PTSD, which was tailored to these ends and thus included a larger number of studies (review: Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2016).”
InfluentialThe Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids
Oster, H., Challet, E., Ott, V., Arvat, E., de Kloet, E. R., Dijk, D.-J., Lightman, S., Vgontzas, A., & Van Cauter, E. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1080 · Cited by 548
Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Liberzon, I., & Abelson, J. L. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.039 · Cited by 489
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Maercker, A., Cloître, M., Bachem, R., Schlumpf, Y. R., Khoury, B. A., Hitchcock, C., & Bohus, M. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00821-2 · Cited by 517
Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Hori, H., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12820 · Cited by 437
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J.
- Affiliations
- Meharry Medical College (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Matthew C.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 301-315
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3340453
- OpenAlex
- W2158809703
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research
- Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Commercializations Promotion Agency for R and D Outcomes
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (R01HM069940)
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH 18921, RC1MH088329, R01MH068391, T32MH018921, R01MH069940, R01MH64735, F31MH084425, R01MH064735)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017805)
- National Center for Research Resources (G12RR003032, KL2RR024977, TL1RR024978, UL1RR024975)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, comorbidities, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, trauma exposure, diurnal cortisol rhythm, sex differences, age differences, time since trauma
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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