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The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
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Trait mindfulness appears to be related to lower levels of negative affective symptoms, but it remains uncertain which facets of mindfulness are most important in this relationship. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis examined studies reporting correlations between affective symptoms and trait mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. A comprehensive search yielded 148 eligible studies, comprising 157 distinct samples and 44,075 participants. The weighted mean correlation for affective symptoms and overall trait mindfulness was r = -0.53. Among mindfulness facets, Nonjudge (r = -0.48) and Act with Awareness (r = -0.47) demonstrated the largest correlations, followed by Nonreact (r = -0.33) and Describe (r = -0.29). Observe was not significantly correlated with affective symptoms. No significant differences in the strength of correlations were found between anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, though symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder exhibited a weaker negative relationship with the Describe facet compared to PTSD symptoms. Describe also showed a stronger relationship with affective symptoms in Eastern samples compared to Western samples, whereas Western samples had a stronger relationship with Nonjudge. These results provide insight into the nature of the association between trait mindfulness and negative affect.
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“The observe facet of the FFMQ was omitted from analysis in light of criticism that this does not assess aspects of observant attention (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2019).”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
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“DM has consistently been associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety in clinical populations, such as people with depressive disorders,21–23 general anxiety disorders,21,22 bipolar affective disorder23–25 and post-traumatic stress disorder.21,22,26,27”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
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“different mindfulness components have different effects on different outcomes [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“The Five-Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) [13]: measures the level of mindfulness of patients.”
From Mindfulness intervention, homogeneous medical concept, and concentrated solution nursing for colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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“and studies have found metacognition [16], mindfulness [17] and experiential avoidance [18] to be related to both anxiety and depression.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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“However, a meta-analysis [17] concluded that it may be useful to consider trait mindfulness both multi-dimensionally and as a unitary construct.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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“a recent meta-analysis showed that observing correlates with a few psychological symptoms, including anxiety [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Lastly, mindfulness (which functions in opposition to aversive reactivity) has demonstrated negative associations with anxiety and depression (Carpenter et al., 2019), underscoring its role as a transdiagnostic construct.”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
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Wenzel, M., Blanke, E. S., Rowland, Z., & Brose, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ca7hg · Cited by 3
The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study
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“Nonetheless, specifically non-judging has been an important facet most consistently related to lower levels of psychological distress (Carpenter et al., 2019), and it is therefore not surprising that the non-judgmental and accepting stance towards inner experiences are also important for COVID-19 related stress.”
BackgroundResultUnveiling the mirage of mindfulness profiles through mindfulness-based stress reduction
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Woronko, S. E., Cárdenas, E. F., Bean, C. A. L., Gupta, R. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Kujawa, A. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01319-8 · Cited by 2
Trait mindfulness: a potential health asset?
Bartlett, L., Roche, M., Bindoff, A. D., Roccati, E., Sinclair, D., & Vickers, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02584-0 · Cited by 2
Zhu, H., Zeng, J., Liu, L., & Gong, J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02683-9 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness‐Based Interventions for the Occurrence of Postpartum Depression in Elderly Primiparas
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Ardian, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research · doi:10.21776/ub.jppbr.2022.003.02.1 · Cited by 2
Gawrysiak, M. J., Loomis, D., Armao, M., Gillooly, E., Kearns, L., & Walsh, J. C. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02136-1 · Cited by 2
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Christodoulou, V., Ilia, C., & Hadjigeorgiou, S. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2310222 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 101785
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6878205
- OpenAlex
- W2987367824
- Semantic Scholar
- e3e167ef0300d607e44250de2d45101d49820bec
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (R01AT007257)
- NIH/NIMH (R01MH099021, U01MH108168)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, affective symptoms, negative affect, non-judgment, non-reactivity, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Humans, Personality, Mindfulness
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