Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness has been associated with anxiety and depression, but the ways in which specific facets of mindfulness relate to symptoms of anxiety and depression remains unclear. The purpose of the current study was to investigate associations between specific facets of mindfulness (e.g., observing, describing, nonjudging, acting with awareness, and nonreactivity) and dimensions of anxiety and depression symptoms (e.g., anxious arousal, general distress-anxiety, general distress-depression, and anhedonic depression) while controlling for shared variance among variables. Participants were 187 treatment-seeking adults. Mindfulness was measured using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Bivariate correlations showed that all facets of mindfulness were significantly related to all dimensions of anxiety and depression, with two exceptions: describing was unrelated to general distress-anxiety, and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters. Path analysis was used to simultaneously examine associations between mindfulness facets and depression and anxiety symptoms. Significant and marginally significant pathways were retained to construct a more parsimonious model and model fit indices were examined. The parsimonious model indicated that nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with general distress anxiety symptoms. Describing was significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal, while observing was significantly positively associated with it. Nonjudging and nonreactivity were significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression symptomatology. Acting with awareness was not significantly associated with any dimensions of anxiety or depression. Findings support associations between specific facets of mindfulness and dimensions of anxiety and depression and highlight the potential utility of targeting these specific aspects of mindfulness in interventions for anxiety and mood disorders. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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Claims the paper makes
10 of 41 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Five facets of mindfulness have been identified: describing, observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity.
“Five facets have been identified, including describing, observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity (Baer et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
- Interpretationcitation
High levels of observing without the benefit of other characteristics of mindfulness may represent heightened attention to internal experiences, or interoceptive awareness to anxiogenic physiological processes.
“High levels of observing without the benefit of other characteristics of mindfulness may represent heightened attention to internal experiences, or interoceptive awareness to anxiogenic physiological processes (Dunn et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Dunn et al., 2010 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that anxiety-specific arousal was associated with greater interoceptive accuracy, supporting the proposed link between anxiety and awareness of bodily signals. The paper does not examine mindfulness, observing, or whether other mindfulness characteristics change that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Premisecitation
Low levels of overall mindfulness have been found to correlate with higher levels of both anxious arousal and anhedonic depression symptoms in community samples.
“Low levels of overall mindfulness have been found to correlate with higher levels of both anxious arousal symptoms and anhedonic depression symptoms in community samples (Bernstein, Tanay, & Vujanovic, 2011; Gonzalez, Vujanovic, Johns, Leyro, & Zvolensky, 2009; Zovlensky et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Bernstein, Tanay, & Vujanovic, 2011 source
- cites Gonzalez, Vujanovic, Johns, Leyro, & Zvolensky, 2009 source
The Results (Descriptive Data and Correlations; page not provided) report that mindful attention was negatively related to both anxious arousal and anhedonic depressive symptoms. However, the study measured mindful attention—not overall mindfulness—in a sample of daily cigarette smokers, so it does not establish the claim for community samples generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Zovlensky et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In bivariate correlations, describing was unrelated to general distress-anxiety.
“Bivariate correlations showed that all facets of mindfulness were significantly related to all dimensions of anxiety and depression with two exceptions: describing was unrelated to general distress -anxiety, and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the parsimonious path model, acting with awareness was not significantly associated with any dimensions of anxiety or depression.
“Acting with awareness was not significantly associated with any dimensions of anxiety or depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious path model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely related to anhedonic depression.
“Nonjudging and nonreactivity were significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression symptomatology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the parsimonious path model, nonjudging was significantly inversely related to anhedonic depression.
“Nonjudging and nonreactivity were significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression symptomatology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the parsimonious path model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression.
“Nonjudging and nonreactivity were significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression symptomatology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In bivariate correlations, observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.
“Bivariate correlations showed that all facets of mindfulness were significantly related to all dimensions of anxiety and depression with two exceptions: describing was unrelated to general distress -anxiety, and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In bivariate correlations, all mindfulness facets other than describing and observing were significantly related to all dimensions of anxiety and depression.
“Bivariate correlations showed that all facets of mindfulness were significantly related to all dimensions of anxiety and depression with two exceptions: describing was unrelated to general distress -anxiety, and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the parsimonious path model, nonjudging was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression.
“Nonjudging and nonreactivity were significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression symptomatology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Acting with awareness was marginally inversely related to anxious arousal (β = −.30, p = .090).
“acting with awareness was marginally inversely related to anxious arousal (β = −.30, p = .090)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher nonreactivity was significantly associated with lower general distress-depression (β = −.44, p = .049).
“general distress-depression (β = −.44, p = .049)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher levels of describing were associated with lower anxious arousal (β = −.44, p = .011).
“Higher levels of describing were associated with lower anxious arousal (β = −.44, p = .011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, describing remained significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal (β = −.35, p = .003).
“Describing remained significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal (β = −.35, p = .003)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, acting with awareness was not significantly associated with any symptom measure of anxiety or depression.
“Acting with awareness was not significantly associated with any symptom measure of anxiety or depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher levels of observing were associated with higher anxious arousal (β = .47, p = .020).
“In contrast, higher levels of observing were associated with higher anxious arousal (β = .47, p = .020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with anhedonic depression (β = −.83, p = .000).
“and anhedonic depression (β = −.83, p = .000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
The first path analysis, controlling for intercorrelations, revealed a differential pattern of associations between mindfulness facets and symptoms of anxiety and depression.
“Results of the first path analysis controlling for intercorrelations revealed a differential pattern of associations between mindfulness facets and symptoms of anxiety and depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, nonjudging was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression (β = −.57, p = .000).
“Nonjudging was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression (β = −.57, p = .000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Acting with awareness was marginally inversely related to anhedonic depression (β = −.37, p = .067).
“and anhedonic depression (β = −.37, p = .067)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with general distress-anxiety (β = −.40, p = .007).
“Nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with symptoms of general distress-anxiety (β = −.40, p = .007)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher nonreactivity was significantly associated with lower general distress-anxiety (β = −.36, p = .034).
“Higher nonreactivity was significantly associated with lower general distress-anxiety (β = −.36, p = .034)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, nonjudging was significantly inversely related to anhedonic depression (β = −.44, p = .000).
“and anhedonic depression (β = −.44, p = .000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Acting with awareness was marginally inversely related to general distress-anxiety (β = −.21, p = .089).
“general distress -anxiety (β = −.21, p = .089)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, observing remained positively associated with anxious arousal (β = .36, p = .013).
“observing remained positively associated with it (β = .36, p = .013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
All facets of mindfulness except observing were related to symptoms of depression and anxiety in bivariate relationships.
“Findings of the current study showed that all the facets of mindfulness except for observing were related to symptoms of depression and anxiety when considered in bivariate relationships.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher levels of nonjudging were marginally associated with lower anhedonic depression (β = −.35, p = .055).
“and marginally associated with lower anhedonic depression (β = −.35, p = .055)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher levels of nonjudging were significantly associated with lower levels of general distress-depression (β = −.50, p = .000).
“Higher levels of nonjudging were significantly associated with lower levels of general distress-depression (β = − .50, p = .000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
Higher nonreactivity was significantly associated with lower anhedonic depression (β = −.87, p = .001).
“and anhedonic depression (β = −.87, p = .001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
When covariance among facets and among symptoms was accounted for, unique relationships between different facets and symptom clusters emerged.
“When covariance among facets and among symptoms was accounted for, however, unique relationships between different facets and symptom clusters emerged.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Findingown data
In the parsimonious model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with general distress-depression (β = −.51, p = .011).
“general distress-depression (β = −.51, p = .011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Premisecitation
Symptoms of anxiety and depression fall reliably into four general clusters.
“Symptoms of anxiety and depression have been shown to fall reliably into four general clusters (Clark, Steer, & Beck, 1994; Gotlib & Cane, 1989; Watson, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In depression, the general distress cluster includes negative affect and disorder-specific symptoms such as self-criticism and feelings of worthlessness.
“In depression, this general distress cluster includes negative affect and disorder specific symptoms (such as self-criticism and feelings of worthlessness).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In anxiety, the general distress factor includes negative affect and disorder-specific symptoms associated with anxious mood, such as worry.
“In anxiety, the general distress factor includes negative affect and disorder specific symptoms associated with anxious mood (such as worry).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Describing, or labeling internal experiences with words, may be associated with lower anxious arousal because the ability to describe reflects decreased experiential avoidance of distressing physiological experiences.
“Describing, or labeling internal experiences with words, may be associated with lower anxious arousal because the ability to describe reflects decreased experiential avoidance of distressing physiological experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationown data
The facets most strongly related to symptom dimensions were generally consistent with the authors' predictions.
“The facets most strongly related to symptom dimensions were generally consistent with our predictions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationreasoning
The capacity to describe or label internal experience may also be related to lower anxious arousal because describing or labeling physiological sensations facilitates increased concreteness of these experiences.
“The capacity to describe or label internal experience may also be related to lower anxious arousal because describing or labeling physiological sensations facilitates increased concreteness of these experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationreasoning
When examining how multiple facets of mindfulness simultaneously relate to multiple dimensions of anxiety and depression, the strength of the relationship for acting with awareness is somewhat attenuated due to the salience of other associations.
“Thus, when examining how multiple facets of mindfulness simultaneously relate to multiple dimensions of anxiety and depression, the strength of the relationship for acting with awareness is somewhat attenuated due to the salience of other associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Premisecitation
Previous studies in non-clinical samples have typically found that different mindfulness facets show similar relationships to general psychological distress, except for observing.
“These studies, which have been conducted in non -clinical samples, have typically found that the different facets of mindfulness demonstrate similar relationships to general psychological distress, with the exception of the observing facet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Nonjudgment may also relate to lower levels of general distress depression because it is associated with lower levels of certain core features of depression, like self-criticism or negative repetitive thought.
“Nonjudgment may also relate to lower levels of general distress depression because it is associated with lower levels of certain core features of depression, like self-criticism or negative repetitive thought.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationown data
The current study provides support for unique associations between specific facets of mindfulness (i.e., nonreactivity, describing, observing, and nonjudgment) and dimensions of anxiety and depression.
“The current study provides support for unique associations between specific facets of mindfulness (i.e., nonreactivity, describing, observing, and nonjudgment) and dimensions of anxiety and depression”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Study design and conductown data
The cross-sectional and correlational nature of the data precludes any causal inferences.
“Primarily, the cross-sectional and correlational nature of the data precludes any causal inferences and alternate models are possible”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The attentional component of mindfulness, conceptually similar to observing, was positively associated with elevated psychological distress.
“Similarly, Coffey, Hartman and Fredrickson (2010) found that the attentional component of mindfulness (which is conceptually similar to observing) was positively associated with elevated psychological distress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Coffey, Hartman and Fredrickson (2010) source
- Interpretationreasoning
Allowing distressing thoughts and feelings to pass through one's mind without becoming fixated or reacting may interrupt or replace maladaptive emotion regulatory mechanisms typically associated with low positive affect.
“With respect to nonreactivity, allowing distressing thoughts and feelings to pass through one’s mind without become fixated or reacting may interruptor replace maladaptive emotion regulatory mechanisms typically associated with low positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationreasoning
In clinical practice, focused observation of distressing thoughts and feelings during mindfulness practice without sufficient emphasis on cultivation of the other facets may exacerbate physiological symptoms of anxiety.
“This suggests that in clinical practice, focused observation of distressing thoughts and feelings during mindfulness practice without sufficient emphasis on cultivation of the other facets (i.e., developing a nonjudgmental stance towards experience) may exacerbate physiological symptoms of anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationown data
Describing and labeling internal experience may be less useful in treating symptoms of low positive affect than other facets of mindfulness.
“This has implications for clinical work in that describing and labeling internal experience may be less useful in treating symptoms of low positive affect than other facets of mindfulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Interpretationown data
The aspect of observing that is distinct from the other mindfulness facets is associated with elevated anxious arousal symptoms.
“This suggests that the aspect of observing that is distinct from the other mindfulness facets is associated with elevated anxious arousal symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- May combine two claims. 27
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 3
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationMindfulness has been theorized to consist of distinct skills or capacities, including present-moment attention, nonjudging, and acceptance of experience without avoidance or reactivity.
“Mindfulness has been theorized to consist of several distinct skills or capacities, including 1) the ability to pay attention and notice experiences in the present, 2) the ability to refrain from judging experience, and 3) the ability to accept positive and negative experience without avoidance or reactivity (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006; Baer et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAssociations between mindfulness facets and psychological symptoms have been shown to differ slightly as a function of meditation experience (i.e., observing has been positively correlated with psychological symptoms in non-meditators).
“As associations between mindfulness facets and psychological symptoms have been shown to differ slightly as a function of meditation experience (i.e., observing has been positively correlated with psychological symptoms in non-meditators; Baer et al., 2006; 2008; de Bruin et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
The Results and Discussion (p. 15) report that observing was positively correlated with psychological symptoms in the full sample, but that this correlation was nonsignificant in a subsample with meditation experience. The paper does not report a separate positive correlation for non-meditators, so that specific population qualifier is not established. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [2008]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites de Bruin et al., 2012 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNonreactivity has been inconsistently related to depressive symptoms, with some studies showing no relationship and some showing lower nonreactivity associated with higher depression.
“Nonreactivity has also been inconsistently related to depressive symptoms, with some studies showing no relationship (Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2010) and some studies showing that lower nonreactivity is associated with higher depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011; Bohlmeijer et al., 2011; Christopher et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDescribing has been mostly unrelated to depression and anxiety, though one study found an inverse relationship between describing and depression.
“Describing has been mostly unrelated to depression and anxiety (Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2010) though one study found an inverse relationship between describing and depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationCultivating a nonjudgmental stance may contribute to self-compassion and acceptance, which then increase experiences of positive affect.
“as self-compassion has been associated with higher positive affect (Frederickson et al., 2008; Wren et al., 2012), cultivating a nonjudgmental stance contribute to self-compassion and acceptance, which then increase experiences of positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Frederickson et al., 2008 source
The paper describes loving-kindness meditation as cultivating warmth and caring for oneself and others (description of LKM; page unavailable), and its Discussion reports increased positive emotions among meditators. It does not report an association between measured self-compassion and positive affect, or establish that a nonjudgmental stance increases affect through self-compassion and acceptance. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Wren et al., 2012 source
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher nonjudging was related to lower depression in several studies, but to lower anxiety in only one study.
“Higher non judging was related to lower depression in several studies (Barnhofer, Duggan, & Griffith, 2011; Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Christopher et al., 2012; Desrosiers, Donalds, Anderson, Itzoe, & Britton, 2010), but to lower anxiety in only one study (Cash & Whittingham, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedBorderline on S4 (based): unclear from the text.
Findingnone givenIn the parsimonious path model, nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with general distress-anxiety symptoms.
“The parsimonious model indicated that nonreactivity was significantly inversely associated with general distress anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimBorderline on S4 (based): unclear from the text.
Findingnone givenIn the parsimonious path model, describing was significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal.
“Describing was significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal, while observing was significantly positively associated with it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimBorderline on S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based): unclear from the text.
Findingnone givenIn the parsimonious path model, observing was significantly positively associated with anxious arousal.
“Describing was significantly inversely associated with anxious arousal, while observing was significantly positively associated with it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBivariate correlations showed that describing was significantly inversely associated with anhedonic depression, but when the aspects of anhedonic depression that covary with anxious arousal, general distress-anxiety, and general distress-depression were controlled for in path analysis, the relationship between describing and anhedonic depression was no longer significant.
“Bivariate correlations showed that describing was significantly inversely associated with anhedonic depression, but when the aspects of anhedonic depression that covary with anxious arousal, general distress-anxiety, and general distress-depression were controlled for in path analysis, the relationship between describing and anhedonic depression was no longer significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown dataParticipants were 187 treatment-seeking adults ages 18 to 71 at a mood and anxiety disorders clinic in Connecticut.
“Participants were 187 adults ages 18–71 (M= 38, SD = 14.2) who were seeking treatment at a mood and anxiety disorders clinic in Connecticut.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn bivariate correlations, each facet of mindfulness showed significant inverse relationships with each symptom cluster of anxiety and depression, except that describing was unrelated to general distress-anxiety and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.
“Significant inverse relationships were found between each facet of mindfulness and each symptom cluster of anxiety and depression with two exceptions: describing was unrelated to general distress-anxiety, and observing was unrelated to all symptom clusters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe parsimonious model showed excellent fit to the data: χ2 = 5.94, p = .75; RMSEA = .000; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.02.
“Model fit indices indicated that the parsimonious model was an excellent fit to the data. The goodness of fit test revealed that the covariance structure of the hypothesized model was not significantly different from the actual covariance of the data (χ2 = 5.94, p = .75). Additionally, the RMSEA indicated good model fit (RMSEA = .000), and the CFI and TLI showed good incremental model fit (CFI = 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe most prevalent primary Axis I diagnoses were generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and social phobia.
“The most prevalent primary Axis I diagnoses among participants were generalized anxiety disorder (42.9%), major depressive disorder (20.1%) and socialphobia (12.2%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMindfulness facets accounted for 21% of the variance in general distress-depression, 18% in anhedonic depression, 10% in anxious arousal, and 8% in general distress-anxiety.
“mindfulness facets accounted for a notable 21% of the total variance in general distress-depression symptoms, 18% of the variance in anhedonic depression symptoms, 10% of the variance in symptoms of anxious arousal symptoms, and 8% of the l variance in general distress-anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data74.1% of the sample met criteria for a secondary Axis I diagnosis.
“A large percentage of the sample (74.1%) also met criteria for a secondary Axis I diagnosis, the most prevalent of which were major depressive disorder (23.3%) and generalized anxiety disorder (14.3%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe sample was 64.6% female.
“and 64.6% of the sample were female.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe secondary parsimonious model revealed a similar pattern of associations, with the exception that marginally significant paths no longer approached significance.
“Results of the more parsimonious model revealed a similar pattern of associations, with the exception that marginally significant paths no longer approached significance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnhedonic depression is characterized by low positive affect or loss of interest and is specific to depression.
“A cluster labeled anhedonic depression, characterized by low positive affect/loss of interest, is specific to depression (Watson & Clark, 1991).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Watson & Clark, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnxious arousal is characterized by physiological hyperarousal and is specific to anxiety.
“In contrast, a cluster referred to as anxious arousal, characterized by physiological hyperarousal, is specific to anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clark & Watson, 1991 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by an Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from all participants before inclusion.
“The study was approved by an Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from all participants before inclusion in the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningAlternate models are possible (e.g., higher levels of physiological arousal may increase frequency of attention and focus on physical sensations, leading to higher levels of observing).
“alternate models are possible (e.g., higher levels of physiological arousal may increase frequency of attention and focus on physical sensations, perhaps due to difficulty tolerating pain or discomfort, leading to higher levels of observing).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationPersonal meaningfulness of items may conflate self-ratings, semantic understanding of items may differ across individuals, and self-ratings of mindfulness may differ from actual/observed mindfulness.
“personal meaningfulness of items may conflate self-ratings, semantic understanding of items may differ across individuals, and self-ratings of mindfulness may differ from actual/observed mindfulness (Grossman, 2008; 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Grossman, 2008 source
- cites [2011]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a longitudinal study of college students, increases in observing were related to increases in anxiety, but not depression.
“In a longitudinal study of college students, increases in observing were related to increases in anxiety, but not depression (Desrosiers et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationAll diagnoses were reviewed for reliability by expert psychologists and determined by consensus diagnosis using clinician severity ratings.
“All diagnoses were reviewed for reliability by psychologists with expertise in anxiety and mood disorders and determined by consensus diagnosis using clinician severity ratings (CSR), as suggested by the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS; Dinard, O’Brien, Barlow, Waddell, & Blanchard, 1983).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dinard, O’Brien, Barlow, Waddell, & Blanchard, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningData collection relied exclusively on self-report; therefore, scores may reflect certain self-presentation biases.
“Another limitation of our study is that data collection relied exclusively on self-report; therefore, scores may reflect certain self-presentation biases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study did not access current or past meditation practice.
“Our study also did not access current or past meditation practice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataNonreactivity was significantly inversely related to general distress-anxiety and general distress-depression, suggesting that high cognitive and emotional reactivity is associated with greater nonspecific anxiety and depressive symptoms.
“First, nonreactivity was significantly inversely related to general distress-anxiety and general distress-depression, suggesting that high cognitive and emotional reactivity is associated with greater nonspecific anxiety and depressive symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataCurrent findings suggest that nonreactivity cultivated through mindfulness is important for treating general distress anxiety and depression symptoms, perhaps through targeting common symptoms such as cognitive and/or emotional reactivity to intrusive, repetitive thoughts.
“Current findings suggest that nonreactivity cultivated through mindfulness is important for treating general distress anxiety and depression symptoms, perhaps through targeting common symptoms such as cognitive and/or emotional reactivity to intrusive, repetitive thoughts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that associations between certain facets of mindfulness and negative symptoms are more accurately represented by a non-linear or curvilinear relationship in which some symptoms may initially increase before beginning to decrease.
“it is possible that associations between certain facets of mindfulness and negative symptoms are more accurately represented by a non-linear or curvilinear relationship in which some symptoms may initially increase before beginning to decrease”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationNonreactivity has been associated with worry, but only associated with overall anxiety in one study.
“Nonreactivity has been associated with worry, a defining characteristic of anxiety (Delgado et al., 2010; Fiask et al., 2012), but it has only been associated with overall anxiety in one study (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher levels of describing, nonjudging, nonreactivity, and acting with awareness were associated with lower psychological distress in student and community samples, whereas higher observing was associated with more psychological distress.
“For example, Baer et al. (2006; 2008) found that higher levels of describing, nonjuding, nonreactivity, and acting with awareness were associated with lower levels of psychological distress in both student and community samples, whereas higher levels of observing were associated with more psychological distress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al. (2006; 2008)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationActing with awareness was significantly inversely related to symptoms of depression in two community samples but not to symptoms of anxiety.
“Acting with awareness was significantly inversely related to symptoms of depression in two community samples (Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Christopher et al., 2012) but not to symptoms of anxiety (Cash & Whittingham, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataNonjudgment was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression, suggesting that adopting a non-evaluative view toward distressing thoughts and feelings is associated with lower nonspecific symptoms of depression and anhedonia.
“Finally, as hypothesized, nonjudgment was significantly inversely related to general distress-depression and anhedonic depression, suggesting that adopting a non-evaluative view toward distressing thoughts and feelings is associated with lower nonspecific symptoms of depression and anhedonia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPaying attention to present moment experience may be necessary to cultivate other aspects of mindfulness, such as nonjudgment or nonreactivity, which then impact symptom levels more directly.
“Paying attention to present moment experience may be necessary to cultivate other aspects of mindfulness, such as nonjudgment or nonreactivity, which then impact symptom levels more directly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataResults of the current study suggest that the association between alexithymia and anhedonic depression may be accounted for by covariations between describing and other facets of mindfulness and/or covariations between anhedonic depression and other symptoms of depression and anxiety.
“results of the current study suggest that this association may be accounted for by covariations between describing and other facets of mindfulness and/or covariations between anhedonic depression and other symptoms of depression and anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe ability to label internal experiences may help reduce experiential avoidance and in turn, anxious arousal.
“Thus, the ability to label internal experiences may help reduce experiential avoidance and in turn, anxious arousal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
- Rests on an assumption: The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness may relate to depression and anxiety differently in patients with severe symptoms than in community residents with mild-to-moderate symptoms.
“We focused on a clinical sample because mindfulness may be related to depression and anxiety differently in patients with severe symptoms when compared to community residents with mild-to-moderate symptoms”
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowing relationships in clinical samples is more informative to clinical practice than knowing relationships in community samples.
“knowing the relationships in clinical samples is more informative to clinical practice than knowing the relationships in community samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire validly measure the five facets of mindfulness and anxiety and depression symptoms.
“Mindfulness was measured using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationships between mindfulness facets and anxiety/depression symptom dimensions are linear.
“path analysis was used to simultaneously regress the four mental health outcome variables (e.g., general distress-anxiety, anxious arousal, general distress-depression, anhedonic depression) onto the five mindfulness variables (e.g., describing, observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, nonreactivity), controlling for the intercorrelations between variables.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The unique associations estimated by the path model are not due to unmeasured confounding variables.
“path analysis was used to simultaneously regress the four mental health outcome variables (e.g., general distress-anxiety, anxious arousal, general distress-depression, anhedonic depression) onto the five mindfulness variables (e.g., describing, observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, nonreactivity), controlling for the intercorrelations between variables.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Research using the FFMQ-NJ has found it relates to a range of problems including depression, anxiety, eating, and substance use disorders.
“Research using the FFMQ-NJ has found it relates to a range of problems including depression, anxiety, eating, and substance use disorders (Desrosier et al., 2013;Lavender et al., 2011;Levin, Dalrymple, et al., 2014).”
From Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance (2017) · cites this paper as Desrosier et al., 2013
The Methods (Measures) identify nonjudging as an FFMQ subscale, and the Results report associations between mindfulness facets and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The paper does not report associations with eating disorders or substance use disorders; the Methods (Procedure) say participants with current substance abuse or dependence were excluded. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe five facets of mindfulness have different relationships with health outcomes.
“These facets of mindfulness differ in their associations with health outcomes.4–10,13–17”
From Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates the impact of fibromyalgia (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The Describing, Acting-with-awareness, and Non-judging facets tend to show similar positive associations with psychological health.
“The Describing, Acting-with-awareness, and Non-judging facets are often similarly associated with better psychological health.”
From Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates the impact of fibromyalgia (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Previous research has shown that the mindfulness facets nonreactivity and describing are significantly negatively related to anxious distress and physiological anxious arousal, respectively.
“Previous research has shown that the specific facets of mindfulness known as nonreactivity, allowing emotions and cognitions to pass without reacting to them, and describing, nonjudgmentally labeling experiences, are significantly negatively related to anxious distress and physiological anxious arousal, respectively (Desrosiers, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013).”
From Anxiety Sensitivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Mindfulness Among Younger and Older Adults: Age Differences in Risk Factors for Anxiety Symptoms (2015) · cites this paper as Desrosiers, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013
Non-judging and non-reactivity to inner experience had negative associations (direct and/or indirect) with anxiety and depressive symptoms.
“Consistent with a study examining the five mindfulness facets as they relate to anxiety and depressive symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample (Desrosiers, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013), we found both non-judging and non-reactivity to inner experience to have negative associations (direct and/or indirect) with anxiety and depressive symptoms.”
From Five Facets of Mindfulness and Psychological Health: Evaluating a Psychological Model of the Mechanisms of Mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as Desrosiers, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting symptom cluster for the awareness finding
MinorThe Results say acting with awareness approached significance for anhedonic depression, whereas the Discussion names general distress-depression instead. These are distinct symptom clusters in the paper.
“Finally, acting with awareness was marginally inversely related to anxious arousal (β = −.30, p = .090), general distress -anxiety (β = −.21, p = .089), and anhedonic depression (β = −.37, p = .067).”
“With respect to the acting with awareness facet, results approached significance for general distress-anxiety, anxious arousal, and general distress-depression in the saturated model”
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de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G. A. M., Bögels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112446654 · Cited by 316 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…general psychological distress (Baer et al., 2006; 2008), depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011), rumination (de Bruin et al., 2012), and worry (de Bruin et al., 2012; Fisak & von Lehe, 2012), indicating that it may relate most to areas of overlap between depression and anxiety rather than to…”
BackgroundInfluentialMood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t13679-000 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Addressing Fundamental Questions About Mindfulness
Brown, K., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701703344 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Jimenez, S. S., Niles, B. L., & Park, C. L. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.041 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Facets of mindfulness – Results of an online study investigating the Freiburg mindfulness inventory
Kohls, N., Sauer, S., & Walach, H. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.009 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.645 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
(2002) · Cited by 246 · see citing works
(1989) · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Dunn, B. D., Stefanovitch, I., Evans, D., Oliver, C., Hawkins, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.006 · Cited by 235 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The anxious arousal factor of anxiety has been associated with heightened interoceptive awareness (Dunn et al., 2010; Vanden Bogaerde, Derom, & De Raedt, 2011), thus observing may contribute to heightened interoceptive awareness, and thereby to anxious arousal.”
BackgroundExploring the Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Christopher, M. S., Neuser, N. J., Michael, P. G., & Baitmangalkar, A. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x · Cited by 234 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…related to depressive symptoms, with some studies showing no relationship (Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2010) and some studies showing that lower nonreactivity is associated with higher depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011; Bohlmeijer et al., 2011; Christopher et al., 2012).”
Backgroundvan Harmelen, A., de Jong, P. J., Glashouwer, K. A., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Elzinga, B. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.003 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Wren, A. A., Somers, T. J., Wright, M. A., Goetz, M. C., Leary, M. R., Fras, A. M., Huh, B. K., Rogers, L. L., & Keefe, F. J. (2012) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.014 · Cited by 173 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…between nonjudgment and anhedonic depression, as selfcompassion has been associated with higher positive affect (Frederickson et al., 2008; Wren et al., 2012), cultivating a nonjudgmental stance contribute to self-compassion and acceptance, which then increase experiences of positive…”
BackgroundMeasuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences
Fernandez, A. C., Wood, M. D., Stein, L. A. R., & Rossi, J. S. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0021742 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The multifaceted theoretical conceptualization of mindfulness has also been validated empirically in several studies exploring the factor structure of commonly used scales (Baer et al., 2006; 2008; Christopher, Neuser, Michael, & Baitmangalkar, 2012; Fernandez et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEmotional avoidance and panicogenic responding to a biological challenge procedure
Karekla, M., Forsyth, J. P., & Kelly, M. M. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80017-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Reduced Concreteness of Worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Findings from a Therapy Study
Stöber, J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013845821848 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Delgado, L. C., Guerra, P., Perakakis, P., Vera, M. N., Reyes del Paso, G., & Vila, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.012 · Cited by 156 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…distress (Baer et al., 2006; 2008), and with overall symptoms of anxiety and depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011; de Bruin et al., 2012; Delgado et al., 2010; Fisak et al., 2012), suggesting that it relates to symptoms broadly rather than discriminately (i.e., to anhedonia or anxious…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms
Deary, I. J., Scott, S., & Wilson, J. A. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00229-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Dispositional mindfulness moderates the relation between neuroticism and depressive symptoms
Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., & Griffith, J. W. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.032 · Cited by 151 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…has been associated with symptoms of general psychological distress (Baer et al., 2006; 2008), and with overall symptoms of anxiety and depression (Barnhofer et al., 2011; de Bruin et al., 2012; Delgado et al., 2010; Fisak et al., 2012), suggesting that it relates to symptoms broadly rather than…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStasiewicz, P. R., Bradizza, C. M., Gudleski, G. D., Coffey, S. F., Schlauch, R. C., Bailey, S. T., Bole, C. W., & Gulliver, S. B. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.12.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Gucht, V. D., Fischler, B., & Heiser, W. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Depressive rumination: Investigating mechanisms to improve cognitive behavioural treatments
Watkins, E. R. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902980695 · Cited by 108 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…and general distress-depression, as staying focused on present moment experience is antithetical to cardinal features of generalized psychological distress, such as rumination about past events (i.e., depression) or worry about future events (i.e., anxiety; Holzel et al., 2011; Watkins, 2009).”
BackgroundSpira, A. P., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., & Feldner, M. T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00249-9 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The relation between the five facets of mindfulness and worry in a non-clinical sample
Fisak, B., & von Lehe, A. C. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0075-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bernstein, A., Tanay, G., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.2.99 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zvolensky, M. J., Solomon, S. E., McLeish, A. C., Cassidy, D., Bernstein, A., Bowman, C. J., & Yartz, A. R. (2006) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070600674087 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Concreteness of Idiographic Periods of Worry and Depressive Rumination
Goldwin, M. A., & Behar, E. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9428-1 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, increased concreteness has been associated with reduced anxiety symptoms, particularly worry, in clinical and nonclinical samples (Behar et al., 2012; Goldwin & Behar, 2012; Stoeber & Borkovec, 2002), Behav Ther.”
BackgroundWorry, anhedonic depression, and emotional styles
Berenbaum, H., Bredemeier, K., Thompson, R. J., & Boden, M. T. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9329-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Concreteness of Positive, Negative, and Neutral Repetitive Thinking About the Future
Behar, E., McGowan, S. K., McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., Goldwin, M. A., & Bjorkquist, O. A. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.002 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Additionally, increased concreteness has been associated with reduced anxiety symptoms, particularly worry, in clinical and nonclinical samples (Behar et al., 2012; Goldwin & Behar, 2012; Stoeber & Borkovec, 2002), Desrosiers et al.”
BackgroundGonzalez, A., Vujanovic, A. A., Johnson, K. A., Leyro, T. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9246-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Estimating treatment duration for psychotherapy in primary care
Carey, T. A. (2006) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/17465729200600023 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Considering that patients attend on average less than four sessions before dropping out (Carey, 2006), fine-tuning treatment approaches to have maximum impact in minimal time is pertinent.”
BackgroundIncreased interoceptive awareness in fear of flying: Sensitivity to suffocation signals
Vanden Bogaerde, A., Derom, E., & De Raedt, R. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Linehan, P. (1993) · History and the Historians of Medieval Spain · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219453.003.0003
A metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2 · cited 1×
“Based on the theoretical underpinnings of mindfulness, developing a nonjudgmental, compassionate attitude towards the self is essential to mitigate feelings of guilt or poor self-worth typical of depression (Teasdale, 1999; Teasdale et al., 2000).”
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- Kabat-Zinn, 1992, Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936, 10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 · DOI · Paper page
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Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
“…alone is associated with lower depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Barnes & Lynn, 2010; Brown et al., 2015; Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2013; Hamill et al., 2015); lower worry, rumination, negative cognitions, and emotion dysregulation (Christopher & Gilbert, 2010;…”
BackgroundCarpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“…1,667 55 42.4 Japan Japanese 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — Day, 2015 student 214 89 18.7 USA English 39-item — — PSWQ — — de Bruin, 2012 student (meditators) 288 55 53.1 Netherlands Dutch 39- item — — PSWQ — — student (nonmeditators) 451 74 20.7 Netherlands Dutch 39- item — — PSWQ — — Deng, 2011…”
InfluentialEffects of Brief Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Health-Related Outcomes: a Systematic Review
Howarth, A., Smith, J. G., Perkins-Porras, L., & Ussher, M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01163-1 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Mindfulness encompasses the key therapeutic concepts of acceptance, compassion, and detachment (Bogosian et al. 2016; Desrosiers et al. 2013; Pinto-Gouveia et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBrown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0349-4 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Consistent with a study examining the five mindfulness facets as they relate to anxiety and depressive symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample (Desrosiers et al. 2013), we found both non-judging and non-reactivity to inner experience to have negative associations (direct and/or indirect) with…”
Desrosiers, A., Vine, V., Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.024 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationOsman, A., Lamis, D. A., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., & Barnes, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1095761 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Pearson, M. R., Lawless, A. K., Brown, D. B., & Bravo, A. J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.009 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…decade, the psychometric properties of the FFMQ have been extensively examined in populations from different countries (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011; Deng et al., 2011; Heeren et al., 2011; Lilja et al., 2011; Cebolla et al., 2012; Sugiura et al., 2012; Dundas et al., 2013; Giovannini et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLee, F. K. S., & Zelman, D. C. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.001 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bergin, A. J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0532-x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mindfulness Facets and Depression in Adolescents: Rumination as a Mediator
Royuela-Colomer, E., & Calvete, E. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0547-3 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The benefits of being mindful: Trait mindfulness predicts less stress reactivity to suppression
Bullis, J. R., Bøe, H. J., Asnaani, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Rudkin, E., Medvedev, O. N., & Siegert, R. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0766-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Heterogeneous Clinical Sample
Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9429-y · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Desrosiers, Klemanski, and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013) found, by way of path analysis, high levels of observing associated with high anxious arousal in a clinical sample.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Lovas, D. A., & Schuman‐Olivier, Z. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Of note, there is evidence that mindful movement is the practice with the strongest correlation to mindfulness facets of non-judge and non-react (Carmody and Baer, 2008), which are the two of the facets most significantly associated with mood symptoms (Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMahoney, C. T., Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2015) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415015621309 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Freudenthaler, L., Turba, J. D., & Tran, U. S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0709-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kroska, E. B., Miller, M. L., Roche, A. I., Kroska, S. K., & O’Hara, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.039 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Neurostructural abnormalities associated with axes of emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety
Makovac, E., Meeten, F., Watson, D. R., Garfinkel, S. N., Critchley, H., & Ottaviani, C. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.022 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Methods: These domains were assessed in 19 (16women) GAD patients and 19 healthy controlsmatched for age and gender, using questionnaires and a low demand behavioral task performed before and after an induction of perseverative cognition (i.e. worry and rumination).”
MethodRemmers, C., Topolinski, S., & Koole, S. L. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0520-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mindfulness‐Based Awareness and Compassion: Predictors of Counselor Empathy and Anxiety
Fulton, C. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2015) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/ceas.12009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Desrosiers, Klemanski, and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013) similarly found that nonjudging was inversely related to anxiety, but they did not find that acting with awareness was related to anxiety.”
BackgroundHow do I feel right now? Emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in youth
Beveren, M. V., Goossens, L., Volkaert, B., Grassmann, C., Wante, L., Vandeweghe, L., Verbeken, S., & Braet, C. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1203-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Role of Attentional Control in the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Anxiety
MacDonald, H. Z., & Olsen, A. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119835756 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“One of the mechanisms explaining the relationship between mindfulness skills and mental health (Christopher et al., 2012; Ciesla et al., 2012; de Bruin et al., 2016; Desrosiers et al., 2013) may be a greater ability to shift and focus one’s attention to what is happening in the present moment, rather than attending to…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDoes Dispositional Mindfulness Predict the Development of Grit?
Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Salmon, K. (2018) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000252 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
MacDonald, H. Z., & Baxter, E. E. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0611-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Colgan, D. D., Christopher, M., Michael, P., & Wahbeh, H. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0453-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Facets of Dispositional Mindfulness and Health Among College Students
Bodenlos, J. S., Wells, S. Y., Noonan, M., & Mayrsohn, A. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0302 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“47 Attending to one’s activities in the moment probably leads to fewer mistakes, a richer experience, and more connection with those around oneself, which is related to emotional well-being.”
McGillivray, C. J., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2015) · Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) · doi:10.19044/esj.2015.v11n5p%p · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sanger, K. L., Thierry, G., & Dorjee, D. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12646 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Given the negative correlation between mindfulness and depression documented in previous studies (Deng et al., 2014; Desrosiers et al., 2013), it can be hypothesized that mindfulness training would increase P3b amplitudes to happy faces.”
BackgroundMindfulness, cognitive distraction, and sexual well-being in women
Newcombe, B. C., & Weaver, A. D. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.252-a3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mindfulness promotes a more balanced time perspective: Correlational and intervention-based evidence
Rönnlund, M., Koudriavtseva, A., Germundsjö, L., Eriksson, T., Åström, E., & Carelli, M. G. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01113-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Exploring connections between self-compassion, mindfulness, and social anxiety
Makadi, E., & Koszycki, D. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01270-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cortazar, N., & Calvete, E. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01175-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates the impact of fibromyalgia
Pleman, B., Park, M., Han, X., Price, L. L., Bannuru, R. R., Harvey, W. F., Driban, J. B., & Wang, C. (2019) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04436-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Association Between Mindfulness and Grit: an East vs. West Cross-cultural Comparison
Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Chobthamkit, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0961-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Kielpikowski, M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Dalrymple, K., Himes, S., & Zimmerman, M. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.03.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“A key issue when examining specific facets of mindfulness is that observing tends to be unrelated to or predictive of greater problems (e.g., Baer et al., 2006; Cash & Wittingham, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
Abujaradeh, H., Colaianne, B. A., Roeser, R. W., Tsukayama, E., & Galla, B. M. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419873039 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fino, E., Martoni, M., & Russo, P. M. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-021-10039-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Roche, A. I., Kroska, E. B., Miller, M. L., Kroska, S. K., & O'Hara, M. W. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1455689 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“More specifically, the observing facet of mindfulness, in the absence of the other processes, may even sometimes be associated with worse psychological and behavioral outcomes.(47,56,58,59) Thus, mindfulness appears to be a multifaceted construct,(47) and recent work has also proposed that mindfulness skills may build…”
BackgroundDoes Rumination Function as a Longitudinal Mediator Between Mindfulness and Depression?
Jury, T. K., & Jose, P. E. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1031-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kim, E., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., & Barlett, C. P. (2022) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22036 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Yet other studies found that the observing facet was not significantly related to depression and difficulties in emotion regulation, whereas all other subscales of FFMQ were negatively related to depression (Baer et al., 2006; Desrosiers et al., 2013; Soysa & Wilcomb, 2013).”
ResultMindfulness Practice and Its Relationship to the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Manuel, J., Somohano, V. C., & Bowen, S. W. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0605-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Back to the Basics: How Attention Monitoring and Acceptance Stimulate Positive Growth
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1085265 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The State of Dispositional Mindfulness Research
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01853-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Didonna, F., Rossi, R., Ferrari, C., Iani, L., Pedrini, L., Rossi, N., Xodo, E., & Lanfredi, M. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12180 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dalrymple, K. L., Clark, H., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0921-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., Stevens, L. E., & Henson, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.661 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, in line with other studies (Desrosiers et al., 2013; Pepping et al., 2013), we averaged all items to assess an overall measure of trait mindfulness (M = 3.”
ResultInfluentialMindfulness and Young Adult Dating Relationship Stability: a Longitudinal Path Analysis
Khaddouma, A., & Gordon, K. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0901-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, and Executive Dysfunction
Crowe, K., & McKay, D. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9777-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The FFMQ has further been used successfully with some of the clinical populations of interest in this investigation (e.g., anxiety and depression: Desrosiers et al. 2013; anxiety: Ostafin et al. 2014).”
MethodGómez-Odriozola, J., & Calvete, E. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01402-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mitchell, R., Roberts, R., Bartsch, D. R., & Sullivan, T. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22744 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Doing–Being and Relationship–Solitude: A Proposed Model for a Balanced Life
Littman‐Ovadia, H. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0018-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Cheung, R. Y. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_63-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mindfulness, mood, and food: The mediating role of positive affect
Hsu, T., & Forestell, C. A. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.105001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Jensen, C. G., Krogh, S. C., Westphael, G., & Hjordt, L. V. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000667 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hawley, L. L., Rogojanski, J., Vorstenbosch, V., Quilty, L. C., Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vitagliano, L. A., Wester, K. L., Jones, C. T., Wyrick, D. L., & Vermeesch, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021451 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It is how one observes their experience [45] and the ability to act with awareness [46] that are integral in managing anxiety.”
BackgroundHsu, T., & Forestell, C. A. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.105089 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Facets of Mindfulness Predict Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Improvement Above CBT Skills
Webb, C. A., Beard, C., Forgeard, M., & Björgvinsson, T. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1005-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Does mindfulness reduce negative interpretation bias?
Gibb, A., Wilson, J. M., Ford, C. G., & Shook, N. J. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.2008322 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Trait mindfulness is inversely related to the negatively biased cognitive patterns that characterize, maintain, and predict depression and anxiety (e.g., rumination and worry; Desrosiers et al., 2013; Kiken & Shook, 2012).”
BackgroundBuitron, V., Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12314 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The FFMQ has demonstrated adequate internal consistency with alpha values ranging from .75 to .91 (Baer et al., 2006; Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
MethodHulsheger, U. R., & Alberts, H. J. E. M. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12297 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mindfulness is associated with sleep quality among patients with fibromyalgia
Park, M., Zhang, Y., Price, L. L., Bannuru, R. R., & Wang, C. (2019) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13756 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Character Strengths and Mindfulness as Core Pathways to Meaning in Life
Littman-Ovadia, H., & Niemiec, R. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41397-6_19 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Desrosiers, Klemanski, and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013) set out to examine the connection between the facets of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reacting to inner experiences [Baer et al., 2008]) and depression and anxiety, finding that all facets of…”
BackgroundThe relationship between mindfulness facets, depression, pain severity and pain interference
Nigol, S. H., & Di Benedetto, M. (2020) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1619786 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Desrosiers et al. (2013) found that acting with awareness had no association with depression.”
BackgroundParsons, E. M., Dreyer-Oren, S. E., Magee, J. C., & Clerkin, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000993 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Haas, B. W., & Akamatsu, Y. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1089-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
What About the Different Shortened Versions of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale?
Chiesi, F., Donati, M. A., Panno, A., Giacomantonio, M., & Primi, C. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117711132 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As such, mindfulness, as measured by the MAAS, should be able to capture variations in positive/negative affect (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Giluk, 2009; Nyklicek & Kuijpers, 2008; Veneziani & Voci, 2015), anxiety (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Desrosiers, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013; Frewen, Evans, Maraj, Dozois, & Partridge, 20…”
BackgroundInfluentialKeng, S., Seah, T. H. S., Tong, E. M. W., & Smoski, M. J. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Negative Affect, State Mindfulness, and the Role of Personality
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01989-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Turning to Observing as part of Mindfulness, it has been argued that this facet is partially involved in external (and internal) threat monitoring and anxious arousal (Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundParsons, E. M., Luebbe, A. M., & Clerkin, E. M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0738-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…Parsons parsone4@miamioh.edu 1 Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, USA facets were also inversely related to anxious arousal, and all but Describe were significantly, inversely associated with general distress related to anxiety (Desrosiers et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMindfulness and Depersonalization: a Nuanced Relationship
Levin, K. K., Gornish, A., & Quigley, L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01890-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Janovsky, T., Clark, G. I., & Rock, A. J. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12390 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mindfulness Relates to Decreased Depressive Symptoms Via Enhancement of Self-Insight
Nakajima, M., Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1049-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J., & Smith, G. S. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9583-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Research using the FFMQ-NJ has found it relates to a range of problems including depression, anxiety, eating, and substance use disorders (Desrosier et al., 2013; Lavender et al., 2011; Levin, Dalrymple, et al., 2014).”
MethodClerkin, E. M., Sarfan, L. D., Parsons, E. M., & Magee, J. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0589-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…nonjudgmental and nonreactive toward internal experiences, acting with awareness in the present moment, and having the ability to label and describe one’s internal experiences were negatively related to both trait and state aspects of social anxiety symptoms (see also Desrosiers et al. 2013).”
Kohtala, A., Muotka, J., & Lappalainen, R. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.03.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fernández, O., Altimir, C., Reinel, M., Duarte, J., & Krause, M. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2147035 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…perspectives towards one’s depressive thoughts and feelings has been associated with a reduction in anhedonia and repetitive negative thoughts, two central aspects of depression; for its part, self-compassion has been linked to the presence of more positive emotions (Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGEJALA DEPRESI PADA REMAJA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS
Desi, D., Felita, A., & Kinasih, A. (2020) · Care Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.33366/jc.v8i1.1144 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Cheung, R. Y. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_63-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhang, N., Zhang, J.-C., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00909 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Guo, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02395-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…observing facet of mindfulness was positively associated with psychological symptoms in non-meditators (e.g., Baer et al., 2006) and anxious arousal in treatment-seeking adults (e.g., Desrosiers et al., 2013), and negatively associated with other facets of mindfulness (e.g., Brown et al., 2015).”
Hosseini, S. R., Pirkashani, N. G., Farahani, M. Z., Farahani, S. Z., & Nooripour, R. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00633-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Can clinical psychology students benefit from brief and intensive mindfulness training?
Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P. E., Osnes, B., Visted, E., Svendsen, J. L., & Sørensen, L. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12273 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Popular Conceptions of Mindfulness: Awareness and Emotional Control
Hitchcock, P. F., Martin, L., Fischer, L., Marando-Blanck, S., & Herbert, J. D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0533-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Mindfulness in Couple Relationships Scale: Development and Validation
McGill, J. M., Adler‐Baeder, F. M., & Burke, L. K. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01957-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Interventions in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Vøllestad, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Mindfulness Using Construal Level Theory: A Two-Dimensional Model
Bigman, N., & Yovel, I. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02429-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…alignment with core values and heightened contextual flexibility • Generally, the unique combination of low and high-level construals in mindfulness enhances the advantages and mitigates the perils associated with both concrete and abstract cognitive functioning (e.g., Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
InfluentialEffects of MBSR Parent Intervention on Internalizing Problems in Children: ASD Status as a Moderator
McGregor, H. A., Sanner, C. M., & Neece, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2020.1815913 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hubungan antara Mindfulness dengan Depresi pada Remaja
Fourianalistyawati, E., & Listiyandini, R. A. (2018) · Journal Psikogenesis · doi:10.24854/jps.v5i2.500 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Facets of mindfulness related to a change in anxiety following a mindfulness-based intervention.
Mizera, C. M., Bolin, R. M., Nugent, W. R., & Strand, E. B. (2016) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1062674 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Cheung, R. Y. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_63 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tan, P., Wang, R., Long, T., Wang, Y., Ma, C., & Ma, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1301662 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Baker, A. W., Frumkin, M. R., Hoeppner, S. S., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1059-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Emerging understandings of mindfulness through experiential awareness
Higgins, J., & Eden, R. (2018) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2018.1428144 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Further work, building on Baer et al.’s facets of mindfulness, includes Desrosiers, Klemanski, and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013), who have argued that acting with awareness may be an important foundation on which to build the other four facets.”
BackgroundFacets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Smoking Behavior
Vinci, C., Spears, C. A., Peltier, M. R., & Copeland, A. L. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0582-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Similar findings have been found when examining the relationship between depressive symptoms and facets of mindfulness (Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Christopher et al., 2012; Desrosiers et al., 2013).”
ResultMacDonald, H. Z. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2155053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mindfulness Facets and Death Anxiety: The Role of Cognitive Flexibility Components
Askarizadeh, G., Poormirzaei, M., & Bagheri, M. (2022) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00655-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In summary, we explain the mediating role of the control component of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between the describing facet of mindfulness and anxiety of death in pregnant women, according to Desrosiers et al. (2013); Kearns et al. (2018) studies.”
ResultThompson, J. S., Jamal-Orozco, N., & Hallion, L. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01747-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Desrosiers, A., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Desrosiers, Alethea
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 373-384
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4012250
- OpenAlex
- W2031874433
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA019426)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- mindfulness facets, anxiety, depression, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, non-reactivity, non-judgment, observation, description, acting with awareness, anhedonic depression, anxious arousal, general distress, treatment-seeking patients, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Awareness, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Report
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