The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Open accessAbstract
Trait mindfulness appears to be related to lower levels of negative affective symptoms, but it remains uncertain which facets of mindfulness are most important in this relationship. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis examined studies reporting correlations between affective symptoms and trait mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. A comprehensive search yielded 148 eligible studies, comprising 157 distinct samples and 44,075 participants. The weighted mean correlation for affective symptoms and overall trait mindfulness was r = -0.53. Among mindfulness facets, Nonjudge (r = -0.48) and Act with Awareness (r = -0.47) demonstrated the largest correlations, followed by Nonreact (r = -0.33) and Describe (r = -0.29). Observe was not significantly correlated with affective symptoms. No significant differences in the strength of correlations were found between anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, though symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder exhibited a weaker negative relationship with the Describe facet compared to PTSD symptoms. Describe also showed a stronger relationship with affective symptoms in Eastern samples compared to Western samples, whereas Western samples had a stronger relationship with Nonjudge. These results provide insight into the nature of the association between trait mindfulness and negative affect.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The observe facet of the FFMQ was omitted from analysis in light of criticism that this does not assess aspects of observant attention (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2019).”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“DM has consistently been associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety in clinical populations, such as people with depressive disorders,21–23 general anxiety disorders,21,22 bipolar affective disorder23–25 and post-traumatic stress disorder.21,22,26,27”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“different mindfulness components have different effects on different outcomes [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Five-Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) [13]: measures the level of mindfulness of patients.”
From Mindfulness intervention, homogeneous medical concept, and concentrated solution nursing for colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and studies have found metacognition [16], mindfulness [17] and experiential avoidance [18] to be related to both anxiety and depression.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, a meta-analysis [17] concluded that it may be useful to consider trait mindfulness both multi-dimensionally and as a unitary construct.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a recent meta-analysis showed that observing correlates with a few psychological symptoms, including anxiety [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lastly, mindfulness (which functions in opposition to aversive reactivity) has demonstrated negative associations with anxiety and depression (Carpenter et al., 2019), underscoring its role as a transdiagnostic construct.”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 8×
“Given evidence that the structure and correlates of mindfulness facets can vary across different types of samples (Baer et al., 2006; Bravo, Pearson, & Kelly, 2018; Tran, Glück, & Nader, 2013), we examined the potential moderating effects of sample type, Carpenter et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20237 · Cited by 4,002
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846
Self-citationBaer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107313003 · Cited by 2,930
Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies
Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006 · Cited by 2,687
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
(1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-03396-0 · Cited by 2,570
Assessment of Mindfulness by Self-Report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191104268029 · Cited by 2,298
Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 · Cited by 2,003
Self-citationExploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 · Cited by 1,838
Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346 · Cited by 1,795
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006 · Cited by 1,712
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245 · Cited by 1,581
Glickman, M. E., Rao, S. R., & Schultz, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.012 · Cited by 1,561
Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400
Hofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · cited 1×
“With regard to the latter finding, it may be that a propensity toward observing is particularly related to the heightened self-focused attention that characterizes social anxiety (Hofmann, 2007), which in is related to greater social anxiety symptoms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. (2011) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191111408231 · Cited by 990 · cited 1×
“…2011 community 144 60 43.0 UK English 39- item — BDI-II — — — Baroni, 2016 community 119 19 29.0 Italy Italian 39-item HADST 5 — — — — Bogusch, 2016 student 283 87 20.4 USA English 24- item STICSA — — — — Bohlmeijer, 2011 clinical 364 70 42.5 Netherlands Dutch 39- item HADS-A CES-D — —…”
Influential(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5149 · Cited by 923
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919
The Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neuroticism: Back to the Future
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613505532 · Cited by 850
The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation: A Meta-Analysis
Eberth, J., & Sedlmeier, P. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x · Cited by 791
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph080 · Cited by 759
The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity
Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90027-g · Cited by 634
Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis
Giluk, T. L. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.026 · Cited by 593
Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10 · Cited by 574
Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review
Tomlinson, E. R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A. D., & Jones, L. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6 · Cited by 560
The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9 · Cited by 506
Assessment of Mindfulness: Review on State of the Art
Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A., & Kohls, N. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0122-5 · Cited by 464
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000263 · Cited by 431 · cited 3×
“Factor analyses of the FFMQ have consistently supported the instrument’s hierarchical structure (Baer et al., 2006; Baer et al., 2008; Christopher, Neuser, Michael, & Baitmangalkar, 2012; Gu et al., 2016; Williams, Dagleish, Karl, & Kuyken, 2014), justifying the present investigation in to correlations with both indiv…”
MethodInfluentialConceptualizing mindfulness and acceptance as components of psychological resilience to trauma
Thompson, R. W., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2011) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838011416375 · Cited by 387
Alsubaie, M., Abbott, R., Dunn, B., Dickens, C., Keil, T. F., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008 · Cited by 383 · cited 1×
“, 2015; Quaglia, Braun, Freeman, McDaniel, & Brown, 2016), which in turn is associated with reduced psychological distress (Alsubaie et al., 2017; Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015).”
Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0023-4 · Cited by 371
A Short Boredom Proneness Scale
Struk, A. A., Carriere, J. S. A., Cheyne, J. A., & Danckert, J. A. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115609996 · Cited by 366
Quaglia, J. T., Braun, S. E., Freeman, S. P., McDaniel, M. A., & Brown, K. W. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000268 · Cited by 341
Defining an agenda for future research on the clinical application of mindfulness practice
Dimidjian, S., & Linehan, M. M. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg019 · Cited by 334
Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0035566 · Cited by 321
de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G. A. M., Bögels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112446654 · Cited by 316
Soysa, C. K., & Wilcomb, C. J. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0247-1 · Cited by 291
Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self‐criticism
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x · Cited by 285
Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000157 · Cited by 264
Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation
(2015) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5 · Cited by 242
Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Christopher, M. S., Neuser, N. J., Michael, P. G., & Baitmangalkar, A. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x · Cited by 234
Loving‐Kindness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study
Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., McManus, C., Martinez, M. E., Felleman, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21832 · Cited by 233
Dispositional mindfulness: A critical review of construct validation research
Rau, H. K., & Williams, P. G. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.035 · Cited by 215
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Lo, H. H.-M., Mak, W. W.-S., & Ma, H. S.-W. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113485121 · Cited by 215
Should OCD be classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-V?
Stein, D. J., Fineberg, N. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Denys, D., Lochner, C., Nestadt, G., Leckman, J. F., Rauch, S. L., & Phillips, K. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20699 · Cited by 212
Mindfulness and self-esteem: A systematic review
Randal, C., Pratt, D., & Bucci, S. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0407-6 · Cited by 202
Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II
Fledderus, M., Oude Voshaar, M. A. H., ten Klooster, P. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0028200 · Cited by 195
Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21996 · Cited by 188
Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0349-4 · Cited by 178
Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression
Desrosiers, A., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.001 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“…1,667 55 42.4 Japan Japanese 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — Day, 2015 student 214 89 18.7 USA English 39-item — — PSWQ — — de Bruin, 2012 student (meditators) 288 55 53.1 Netherlands Dutch 39- item — — PSWQ — — student (nonmeditators) 451 74 20.7 Netherlands Dutch 39- item — — PSWQ — — Deng, 2011…”
InfluentialGoldberg, S. B., Wielgosz, J., Dahl, C., Schuyler, B., MacCoon, D. S., Rosenkranz, M., Lutz, A., Sebranek, C. A., & Davidson, R. J. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000233 · Cited by 172
The Neuroscience of Mindfulness: How Mindfulness Alters the Brain and Facilitates Emotion Regulation
Wheeler, M. S., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0742-x · Cited by 168
Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Sugiura, Y., Sato, A., Ito, Y., & Murakami, H. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0082-1 · Cited by 164 · cited 13×
“New Zealand English 32- item BAI 6 CES-D 7 — — — Riley, 2018 other (mothers) 723 100 35.1 Australia English 24- item CES-D CES-D — — — Rudkin, 2018 community 219 70 41.9 New Zealand English 39- item 3 BAI, STAI-T — PSWQ — — Sairanen, 2018 other (parents of ill children) 75 81 42.6 Sweden Swedish 39-item DASS-A DASS-D…”
InfluentialA meta-analysis of the relationship between trait mindfulness and substance use behaviors
Karyadi, K. A., VanderVeen, J. D., & Cyders, M. A. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.014 · Cited by 158 · cited 1×
“In addition, meta-analyses on the relationship between trait mindfulness and other variables related to psychological health, specifically substance use behaviors (Karyadi et al., 2014) and neuroticism (Hanley & Garland, 2017), similarly found that Nonjudge and Act with Awareness (as well as Nonreact) demonstrated the…”
BackgroundVeehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2011) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-011-1690-9 · Cited by 158
Hayes, A. M. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph080 · Cited by 152
Dispositional mindfulness moderates the relation between neuroticism and depressive symptoms
Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., & Griffith, J. W. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.032 · Cited by 151
Frank, D. J., Nara, B. J., Zavagnin, M., Touron, D. R., & Kane, M. J. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000031 · Cited by 139
Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Walsh, E. C., Charnigo, R. J., Lynam, D. R., & Baer, R. A. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112446658 · Cited by 137
Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults.
Maisel, M. E., Stephenson, K. G., South, M., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M. H., & Gaigg, S. B. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000168 · Cited by 132
Boyle, C. C., Stanton, A. L., Ganz, P. A., Crespi, C. M., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000186 · Cited by 132
Prakash, R. S., Hussain, M. A., & Schirda, B. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0038544 · Cited by 129
Measuring Mindfulness: Applying Generalizability Theory to Distinguish between State and Trait
Medvedev, O. N., Krägeloh, C. U., Narayanan, A., & Siegert, R. J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0679-0 · Cited by 127
The role of experiential avoidance, rumination and mindfulness in eating disorders
Cowdrey, F. A., & Park, R. J. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.01.001 · Cited by 124
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Adair, K. C., Payne, B. K., Richman, L. S., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.015 · Cited by 111
The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adults' Emotional Well-Being
Mather, M. (2008) · Cited by 111
Petrocchi, N., & Ottaviani, C. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.017 · Cited by 109
Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., Meibert, P., & Schulte, D. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817d0546 · Cited by 107
Frostadottir, A. D., & Dorjee, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099 · Cited by 105
Querstret, D., Cropley, M., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0925-0 · Cited by 103
Slonim, J., Kienhuis, M., Benedetto, M. D., & Reece, J. (2015) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.3402/meo.v20.27924 · Cited by 102
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0771-5 · Cited by 101
Rudkin, E., Medvedev, O. N., & Siegert, R. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0766-2 · Cited by 96
Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Heterogeneous Clinical Sample
Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9429-y · Cited by 92
Stephenson, K. R., Simpson, T. L., Martinez, M. E., & Kearney, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22323 · Cited by 89
Poulin, P. A., Romanow, H. C., Rahbari, N., Small, R., Smyth, C. E., Hatchard, T., Solomon, B. K., Song, X., Harris, C. A., Kowal, J., et al. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3243-x · Cited by 89
Garland, E. L., & Roberts-Lewis, A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.004 · Cited by 88
Freudenthaler, L., Turba, J. D., & Tran, U. S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0709-y · Cited by 88
Lu, F., Xu, Y., Yu, Y., Peng, L., Wu, T., Wang, T., Liu, B., Xie, J., Xu, S., & Li, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00260 · Cited by 84
Exploring the relationship between facets of mindfulness and eating pathology in women
Lavender, J. M., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.555485 · Cited by 83
Upward counterfactual thinking and depression: A meta-analysis
Broomhall, A. G., Phillips, W. J., Hine, D. W., & Loi, N. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.010 · Cited by 82
Trait Mindfulness Measures for Use with Adolescents: a Systematic Review
Pallozzi, R., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Ong, B. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0567-z · Cited by 80
Gustavson, D. E., du Pont, A., Whisman, M. A., & Miyake, A. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.128 · Cited by 80
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway
Dundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P., & Sivertsen, B. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12044 · Cited by 77
Mindfulness and emotion regulation in older and young adults
Prakash, R. S., Whitmoyer, P., Aldao, A., & Schirda, B. L. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1100158 · Cited by 77
Mindfulness in East and West – Is It the Same?
Schmidt, S. (2011) · Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2079-4_2 · Cited by 76
The relation between the five facets of mindfulness and worry in a non-clinical sample
Fisak, B., & von Lehe, A. C. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0075-0 · Cited by 75
The importance of mindfulness in psychosocial distress and quality of life in dermatology patients
Montgomery, K., Norman, P., Messenger, A. G., & Thompson, A. R. (2016) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.14719 · Cited by 75
The mindful personality: A meta-analysis from a cybernetic perspective
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0736-8 · Cited by 75
Potential Mechanisms of Mindfulness in Improving Sleep and Distress
Lau, W. K. W., Leung, M.-K., Wing, Y.-K., & Lee, T. M. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0796-9 · Cited by 73
PTSD not an anxiety disorder? DSM committee proposal turns back the hands of time
Zoellner, L. A., Rothbaum, B. O., & Feeny, N. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20899 · Cited by 70
Longitudinal associations between mindfulness and well-being in people with multiple sclerosis
Pagnini, F., Cavalera, C., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Molinari, E., Phillips, D., & Langer, E. J. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.11.003 · Cited by 70
Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Tran, J. K., Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22748 · Cited by 69
Tomfohr, L. M., Pung, M. A., Mills, P. J., & Edwards, K. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9575-4 · Cited by 67
Sauer-Zavala, S., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Ametaj, A. A., Wilner, J. G., & Pagan, D. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445518774914 · Cited by 67
A Metacognitive Perspective on Mindfulness: An Empirical Investigation
Solem, S., Thunes, S. S., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., & Wells, A. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0081-4 · Cited by 66
Siegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153073 · Cited by 66
Barcaccia, B., Baiocco, R., Pozza, A., Pallini, S., Mancini, F., & Salvati, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.012 · Cited by 63 · cited 4×
“This finding is consistent with research in Eastern samples demonstrating Describe to be a relatively strong predictor of negative affect even when controlling for other mindfulness facets (Hou, Wong, Lo, Mak, & Ma, 2014; Mandal, Arya, & Pandey, 2012), a pattern not typically seen in Western samples (Baer et al., 2006…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMindfulness and Self-Compassion in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Examining Predictors of Disability
Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Marques, L. M., Metcalf, C. A., Brach, N., Lazar, S. W., & Simon, N. M. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/576258 · Cited by 61
Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201155 · Cited by 60
Prevalence and correlates of dental anxiety in patients seeking dental care
Tellez, M., Kinner, D. G., Heimberg, R. G., Lim, S., & Ismail, A. I. (2015) · Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12132 · Cited by 60
Associations between mindfulness and panic symptoms among young adults with asthma.
Kraemer, K. M., McLeish, A. C., & Johnson, A. L. (2015) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.936888 · Cited by 58
Examining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.
Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000215 · Cited by 58
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates pain in knee osteoarthritis
Lee, A. C., Harvey, W. F., Price, L. L., Morgan, L. P. K., Morgan, N. L., & Wang, C. (2017) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2016.06.017 · Cited by 57
Ko, C. M., Grace, F., Chavez, G. N., Grimley, S. J., Dalrymple, E. R., & Olson, L. E. (2018) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1431913 · Cited by 56
Feliu‐Soler, A., Soler, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Elices, M., Demarzo, M., & García‐Campayo, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0558-0 · Cited by 53
The Experience of Racism on Behavioral Health Outcomes: the Moderating Impact of Mindfulness
Zapolski, T. C. B., Faidley, M. T., & Beutlich, M. R. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0963-7 · Cited by 53
The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: An empirical test
Curtiss, J., Klemanski, D. H., Andrews, L., Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“…51 49 25.0 Sweden English 39-item STAI-T BDI — — — Costa, 2016 medical 55 80 55.3 Portugal Portuegese 39-item — DASS-D — — — Cowdrey, 2012 community 228 83 24.0 UK English 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — clinical 42 0 24.0 UK English 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — Crane, 2010 clinical 31 68 42.3 UK English…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSanders, W. A., & Lam, D. H. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.007 · Cited by 52
The Association Between Mindfulness and Grit: an East vs. West Cross-cultural Comparison
Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Chobthamkit, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0961-9 · Cited by 50
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates the impact of fibromyalgia
Pleman, B., Park, M., Han, X., Price, L. L., Bannuru, R. R., Harvey, W. F., Driban, J. B., & Wang, C. (2019) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04436-1 · Cited by 49
Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.062 · Cited by 48
Gonzalez, A., Locicero, B., Mahaffey, B., Fleming, C., Harris, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515615354 · Cited by 45
Zhuang, K., Bi, M., Li, Y., Xia, Y., Guo, X., Chen, Q., Du, X., Wang, K., Wei, D., Yin, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06599-w · Cited by 44
Laurent, H., Laurent, S., Hertz, R., Egan-Wright, D., & Granger, D. A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.018 · Cited by 41
The Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotional Health in Chinese Long-Term Male Prison Inmates
Xu, W., Jia, K., Liu, X., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0540-x · Cited by 39
Self-citationDispositional Mindfulness and Subjective Time in Healthy Individuals
Weiner, L., Wittmann, M., Bertschy, G., & Giersch, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00786 · Cited by 39
The role of mindfulness as approach-based coping in the PTSD-substance abuse cycle
Bowen, S. W., Boer, D. D., & Bergman, A. L. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.043 · Cited by 39
Self-reported mindfulness and soldier health following a combat deployment.
Nassif, T. H., Start, A. R., Toblin, R. L., & Adler, A. B. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000413 · Cited by 39
Levin, M. E., Dalrymple, K., & Zimmerman, M. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0034706 · Cited by 36
Rosellini, A. J., Boettcher, H., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2015) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.036014 · Cited by 36
Mindfulness in informal caregivers of palliative patients
Kögler, M., Brandstätter, M., Borasio, G. D., Fensterer, V., Küchenhoff, H., & Fegg, M. J. (2013) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951513000400 · Cited by 33
English, L. H., Wisener, M., & Bailey, H. N. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.006 · Cited by 33
An investigation of the associations between measures of mindfulness and pain catastrophizing
Day, M. A., Smitherman, A., Ward, L. C., & Thorn, B. E. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000102 · Cited by 32
Call, D. C., Pitcock, J. A., & Pyne, J. M. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0400-0 · Cited by 32
Hawley, L. L., Rogojanski, J., Vorstenbosch, V., Quilty, L. C., Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.003 · Cited by 31
Dispositional mindfulness in people with HIV: Associations with psychological and physical health
Moskowitz, J. T., Duncan, L. G., Moran, P. J., Acree, M. C., Epel, E. S., Kemeny, M. E., Hecht, F. M., & Folkman, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.039 · Cited by 31
Dispositional Mindfulness, Meditation, and Conditional Goal Setting
Crane, C., Jandric, D., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0029-y · Cited by 31
Cosme, D., & Wiens, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119466 · Cited by 27
Development of a self-distancing task and initial validation of responses
Shepherd, K. A., Coifman, K. G., Matt, L. M., & Fresco, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000297 · Cited by 27
Modulating mind-wandering in dysphoria
Murphy, F. C., Macpherson, K., Jeyabalasingham, T., Manly, T., & Dunn, B. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00888 · Cited by 26
Buitron, V., Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12314 · Cited by 25
Cheng, S. K., Banks, K., Bartlett, B. A., Miguel, G. S., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0814-y · Cited by 24
The Role of Cognitive Content and Cognitive Processes in Chronic Pain
Jensen, M. P., Thorn, B. E., Carmody, J., Keefe, F. J., & Burns, J. W. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000559 · Cited by 22
Baker, A. K., & Garland, E. L. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000225 · Cited by 21
Hicks, L. M., Dayton, C. J., & Victor, B. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.044 · Cited by 20
The relationship between mindfulness facets, depression, pain severity and pain interference
Nigol, S. H., & Di Benedetto, M. (2020) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1619786 · Cited by 20
Consedine, N. S., & Butler, H. F. (2014) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.824596 · Cited by 19
Clerkin, E. M., Sarfan, L. D., Parsons, E. M., & Magee, J. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0589-6 · Cited by 18
Grief, Mindfulness and Neural Predictors of Improvement in Family Dementia Caregivers
Jain, F. A., Connolly, C. G., Moore, L. C., Leuchter, A. F., Abrams, M., Ben-Yelles, R. W., Chang, S. E., Ramirez Gomez, L. A., Huey, N., Lavretsky, H., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00155 · Cited by 18
Shipherd, J. C., & Salters-pedneault, K. (2018) · Psychological Trauma · doi:10.1037/tra0000248 · Cited by 17
Costa, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Marôco, J. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316649785 · Cited by 16
Burden on Informal Caregivers of Elderly Cancer Survivors: Risk Versus Resilience
Jones, S. B. W., Whitford, H. S., & Bond, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2014.1002657 · Cited by 16
Nonjudging facet of mindfulness predicts enhanced smoking cessation in Hispanics.
Spears, C. A., Houchins, S. C., Stewart, D. W., Chen, M., Correa-Fernández, V., Cano, M. Á., Heppner, W. L., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000087 · Cited by 16
The effect of mindfulness training on mental health in long-term Chinese male prisoners
An, Y., Zhou, Y., Huang, Q. R., Jia, K., Li, W., & Xu, W. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1510130 · Cited by 14
Mediationg Role of Mindfulness as a Trait Between Attachment Styles and Depressive Symptoms
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Estévez, A. (2016) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1207591 · Cited by 13
Trait Mindfulness and Wellness in Multiple Sclerosis
Mioduszewski, O., MacLean, H. J., Poulin, P. A., Smith, A., & Walker, L. A. S. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2018.51 · Cited by 12
Is mindfulness protective against PTSD? A neurocognitive study of 25 Tsunami disaster survivors
Hagen, C., Lien, L., Hauff, E., & Heir, T. (2016) · Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine · doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0056-x · Cited by 11
Baker, A. W., Frumkin, M. R., Hoeppner, S. S., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1059-0 · Cited by 9
Self-citationKraemer, K. M., & McLeish, A. (2019) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1529326 · Cited by 7
The Relevance of Mindfulness and Thought Suppression to Scrupulosity
Fisak, B. J., Rodriguez, H., & Kissell, K. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.106 · Cited by 3
LeBeau, R. T., Izquierdo, C., Culver, N. C., Karahalios, D., & Serpa, J. G. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000265 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Mandal, 2012, Mental health and mindfulness: Mediational role of positive and negative affect, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 19, 150
- Michalak, 2008, Mindfulness predicts relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 630, 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817d0546 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Climate anxiety: What predicts it and how is it related to climate action?
Whitmarsh, L., Player, L., Jiongco, A., James, M., Williams, M., Marks, E., & Kennedy-Williams, P. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101866 · Cited by 401
Goldberg, S. B., Imhoff-Smith, T., Bolt, D. M., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Dahl, C. J., Davidson, R. J., & Rosenkranz, M. A. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/23825 · Cited by 97
“Meta-analyses suggest that dispositional mindfulness along with both short-term (eg, mindfulness inductions) and long-term (eg, mindfulness-based interventions such as MBSR) training are associated with decreased psychiatric symptoms, negative affect, substance use, and neuroticism [9,49-53].”
BackgroundGoldberg, S. B., Imhoff-Smith, T., Bolt, D. M., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Dahl, C. J., Davidson, R. J., & Rosenkranz, M. A. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.23825 · Cited by 97
Simon, N. M., Hofmann, S. G., Rosenfield, D., Hoeppner, S. S., Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2496 · Cited by 95
Self-citationde Sousa, G. M., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., de Araújo, D. B., & de Sousa, M. B. C. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00520-x · Cited by 125
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 101785
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6878205
- OpenAlex
- W2987367824
- Semantic Scholar
- e3e167ef0300d607e44250de2d45101d49820bec
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (R01AT007257)
- NIH/NIMH (R01MH099021, U01MH108168)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, affective symptoms, negative affect, non-judgment, non-reactivity, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Humans, Personality, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
