The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Open accessAbstract
Trait mindfulness appears to be related to lower levels of negative affective symptoms, but it remains uncertain which facets of mindfulness are most important in this relationship. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis examined studies reporting correlations between affective symptoms and trait mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. A comprehensive search yielded 148 eligible studies, comprising 157 distinct samples and 44,075 participants. The weighted mean correlation for affective symptoms and overall trait mindfulness was r = -0.53. Among mindfulness facets, Nonjudge (r = -0.48) and Act with Awareness (r = -0.47) demonstrated the largest correlations, followed by Nonreact (r = -0.33) and Describe (r = -0.29). Observe was not significantly correlated with affective symptoms. No significant differences in the strength of correlations were found between anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, though symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder exhibited a weaker negative relationship with the Describe facet compared to PTSD symptoms. Describe also showed a stronger relationship with affective symptoms in Eastern samples compared to Western samples, whereas Western samples had a stronger relationship with Nonjudge. These results provide insight into the nature of the association between trait mindfulness and negative affect.
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The observe facet of the FFMQ was omitted from analysis because it does not assess aspects of observant attention.
“The observe facet of the FFMQ was omitted from analysis in light of criticism that this does not assess aspects of observant attention (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2019).”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
The Discussion section, “Moderators of Trait Mindfulness and Symptom Relationships” (page unavailable), criticizes the Observe facet, but specifically says it does not assess aspects of observant attention that are beneficial among non-meditators. The citing sentence omits that qualification. Its decision to omit the facet from analysis is the citing authors’ own, not a decision attributed to Carpenter et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDM has consistently been associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety in clinical populations, such as people with depressive disorders, general anxiety disorders, bipolar affective disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
“DM has consistently been associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety in clinical populations, such as people with depressive disorders,21–23 general anxiety disorders,21,22 bipolar affective disorder23–25 and post-traumatic stress disorder.21,22,26,27”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
The Results (Correlations between Affective Symptoms and Trait Mindfulness; page unavailable) report that greater trait mindfulness was associated with fewer affective symptoms, and the moderator analyses include depression, anxiety, GAD and PTSD symptoms. But the paper does not report a bipolar-disorder finding, and its Methods (Data Extraction; page unavailable) define clinical samples broadly rather than requiring confirmed diagnoses. It therefore supports the general association but not the full list of diagnosed clinical populations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferent mindfulness components have different effects on different outcomes.
“different mindfulness components have different effects on different outcomes [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results (Moderator Analyses; page unavailable) find that the associations of several mindfulness facets with symptoms differ by symptom type. This supports the claim’s broad point, but the paper analyzes correlations between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms, not causal effects of mindfulness components on outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Five-Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) measures the level of mindfulness of patients.
“The Five-Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) [13]: measures the level of mindfulness of patients.”
From Mindfulness intervention, homogeneous medical concept, and concentrated solution nursing for colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Studies have found metacognition, mindfulness, and experiential avoidance to be related to both anxiety and depression.
“and studies have found metacognition [16], mindfulness [17] and experiential avoidance [18] to be related to both anxiety and depression.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
A meta-analysis concluded that it may be useful to consider trait mindfulness both multi-dimensionally and as a unitary construct.
“However, a meta-analysis [17] concluded that it may be useful to consider trait mindfulness both multi-dimensionally and as a unitary construct.”
From An empirical investigation of the associations between metacognition, mindfulness experiential avoidance, depression, and anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
A recent meta-analysis showed that observing correlates with a few psychological symptoms, including anxiety.
“a recent meta-analysis showed that observing correlates with a few psychological symptoms, including anxiety [18].”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Mindfulness has demonstrated negative associations with anxiety and depression.
“Lastly, mindfulness (which functions in opposition to aversive reactivity) has demonstrated negative associations with anxiety and depression (Carpenter et al., 2019), underscoring its role as a transdiagnostic construct.”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2019
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Exploring the relationship between facets of mindfulness and eating pathology in women
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Upward counterfactual thinking and depression: A meta-analysis
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Gustavson, D. E., du Pont, A., Whisman, M. A., & Miyake, A. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.128 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway
Dundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P., & Sivertsen, B. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12044 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mindfulness in East and West – Is It the Same?
Schmidt, S. (2011) · Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2079-4_2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The importance of mindfulness in psychosocial distress and quality of life in dermatology patients
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The mindful personality: A meta-analysis from a cybernetic perspective
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Potential Mechanisms of Mindfulness in Improving Sleep and Distress
Lau, W. K. W., Leung, M.-K., Wing, Y.-K., & Lee, T. M. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0796-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
PTSD not an anxiety disorder? DSM committee proposal turns back the hands of time
Zoellner, L. A., Rothbaum, B. O., & Feeny, N. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20899 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mindfulness and emotion regulation in older and young adults
Prakash, R. S., Whitmoyer, P., Aldao, A., & Schirda, B. L. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1100158 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The relation between the five facets of mindfulness and worry in a non-clinical sample
Fisak, B., & von Lehe, A. C. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0075-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Tomfohr, L. M., Pung, M. A., Mills, P. J., & Edwards, K. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9575-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Trait Mindfulness Measures for Use with Adolescents: a Systematic Review
Pallozzi, R., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Ong, B. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0567-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sauer-Zavala, S., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Ametaj, A. A., Wilner, J. G., & Pagan, D. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445518774914 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Metacognitive Perspective on Mindfulness: An Empirical Investigation
Solem, S., Thunes, S. S., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., & Wells, A. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0081-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Barcaccia, B., Baiocco, R., Pozza, A., Pallini, S., Mancini, F., & Salvati, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.012 · Cited by 63 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with research in Eastern samples demonstrating Describe to be a relatively strong predictor of negative affect even when controlling for other mindfulness facets (Hou, Wong, Lo, Mak, & Ma, 2014; Mandal, Arya, & Pandey, 2012), a pattern not typically seen in Western samples (Baer et al., 2006…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLongitudinal associations between mindfulness and well-being in people with multiple sclerosis
Pagnini, F., Cavalera, C., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Molinari, E., Phillips, D., & Langer, E. J. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.11.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Tran, J. K., Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22748 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201155 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of dental anxiety in patients seeking dental care
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Associations between mindfulness and panic symptoms among young adults with asthma.
Kraemer, K. M., McLeish, A. C., & Johnson, A. L. (2015) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.936888 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Examining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.
Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000215 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates pain in knee osteoarthritis
Lee, A. C., Harvey, W. F., Price, L. L., Morgan, L. P. K., Morgan, N. L., & Wang, C. (2017) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2016.06.017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: An empirical test
Curtiss, J., Klemanski, D. H., Andrews, L., Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…51 49 25.0 Sweden English 39-item STAI-T BDI — — — Costa, 2016 medical 55 80 55.3 Portugal Portuegese 39-item — DASS-D — — — Cowdrey, 2012 community 228 83 24.0 UK English 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — clinical 42 0 24.0 UK English 39-item — PHQ-9 GAD-7 — — Crane, 2010 clinical 31 68 42.3 UK English…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMindfulness and Self-Compassion in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Examining Predictors of Disability
Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Marques, L. M., Metcalf, C. A., Brach, N., Lazar, S. W., & Simon, N. M. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/576258 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Association Between Mindfulness and Grit: an East vs. West Cross-cultural Comparison
Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Chobthamkit, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0961-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates the impact of fibromyalgia
Pleman, B., Park, M., Han, X., Price, L. L., Bannuru, R. R., Harvey, W. F., Driban, J. B., & Wang, C. (2019) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04436-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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The Experience of Racism on Behavioral Health Outcomes: the Moderating Impact of Mindfulness
Zapolski, T. C. B., Faidley, M. T., & Beutlich, M. R. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0963-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sanders, W. A., & Lam, D. H. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gonzalez, A., Locicero, B., Mahaffey, B., Fleming, C., Harris, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515615354 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Feliu‐Soler, A., Soler, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Elices, M., Demarzo, M., & García‐Campayo, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0558-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhuang, K., Bi, M., Li, Y., Xia, Y., Guo, X., Chen, Q., Du, X., Wang, K., Wei, D., Yin, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06599-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Laurent, H., Laurent, S., Hertz, R., Egan-Wright, D., & Granger, D. A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotional Health in Chinese Long-Term Male Prison Inmates
Xu, W., Jia, K., Liu, X., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0540-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDispositional Mindfulness and Subjective Time in Healthy Individuals
Weiner, L., Wittmann, M., Bertschy, G., & Giersch, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00786 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The role of mindfulness as approach-based coping in the PTSD-substance abuse cycle
Bowen, S. W., Boer, D. D., & Bergman, A. L. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.043 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-reported mindfulness and soldier health following a combat deployment.
Nassif, T. H., Start, A. R., Toblin, R. L., & Adler, A. B. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000413 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Dalrymple, K., & Zimmerman, M. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0034706 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Rosellini, A. J., Boettcher, H., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2015) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.036014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
English, L. H., Wisener, M., & Bailey, H. N. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
An investigation of the associations between measures of mindfulness and pain catastrophizing
Day, M. A., Smitherman, A., Ward, L. C., & Thorn, B. E. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000102 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dispositional Mindfulness, Meditation, and Conditional Goal Setting
Crane, C., Jandric, D., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0029-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Call, D. C., Pitcock, J. A., & Pyne, J. M. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0400-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mindfulness in informal caregivers of palliative patients
Kögler, M., Brandstätter, M., Borasio, G. D., Fensterer, V., Küchenhoff, H., & Fegg, M. J. (2013) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951513000400 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hawley, L. L., Rogojanski, J., Vorstenbosch, V., Quilty, L. C., Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dispositional mindfulness in people with HIV: Associations with psychological and physical health
Moskowitz, J. T., Duncan, L. G., Moran, P. J., Acree, M. C., Epel, E. S., Kemeny, M. E., Hecht, F. M., & Folkman, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.039 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cosme, D., & Wiens, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119466 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Development of a self-distancing task and initial validation of responses
Shepherd, K. A., Coifman, K. G., Matt, L. M., & Fresco, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000297 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Modulating mind-wandering in dysphoria
Murphy, F. C., Macpherson, K., Jeyabalasingham, T., Manly, T., & Dunn, B. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00888 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Buitron, V., Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12314 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cheng, S. K., Banks, K., Bartlett, B. A., Miguel, G. S., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0814-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Role of Cognitive Content and Cognitive Processes in Chronic Pain
Jensen, M. P., Thorn, B. E., Carmody, J., Keefe, F. J., & Burns, J. W. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000559 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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The relationship between mindfulness facets, depression, pain severity and pain interference
Nigol, S. H., & Di Benedetto, M. (2020) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1619786 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Consedine, N. S., & Butler, H. F. (2014) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.824596 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Grief, Mindfulness and Neural Predictors of Improvement in Family Dementia Caregivers
Jain, F. A., Connolly, C. G., Moore, L. C., Leuchter, A. F., Abrams, M., Ben-Yelles, R. W., Chang, S. E., Ramirez Gomez, L. A., Huey, N., Lavretsky, H., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00155 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Burden on Informal Caregivers of Elderly Cancer Survivors: Risk Versus Resilience
Jones, S. B. W., Whitford, H. S., & Bond, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2014.1002657 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nonjudging facet of mindfulness predicts enhanced smoking cessation in Hispanics.
Spears, C. A., Houchins, S. C., Stewart, D. W., Chen, M., Correa-Fernández, V., Cano, M. Á., Heppner, W. L., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000087 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clerkin, E. M., Sarfan, L. D., Parsons, E. M., & Magee, J. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0589-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effect of mindfulness training on mental health in long-term Chinese male prisoners
An, Y., Zhou, Y., Huang, Q. R., Jia, K., Li, W., & Xu, W. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1510130 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mediationg Role of Mindfulness as a Trait Between Attachment Styles and Depressive Symptoms
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Estévez, A. (2016) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1207591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Trait Mindfulness and Wellness in Multiple Sclerosis
Mioduszewski, O., MacLean, H. J., Poulin, P. A., Smith, A., & Walker, L. A. S. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2018.51 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Is mindfulness protective against PTSD? A neurocognitive study of 25 Tsunami disaster survivors
Hagen, C., Lien, L., Hauff, E., & Heir, T. (2016) · Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine · doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0056-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Baker, A. W., Frumkin, M. R., Hoeppner, S. S., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1059-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationKraemer, K. M., & McLeish, A. (2019) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1529326 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Relevance of Mindfulness and Thought Suppression to Scrupulosity
Fisak, B. J., Rodriguez, H., & Kissell, K. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.106 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
LeBeau, R. T., Izquierdo, C., Culver, N. C., Karahalios, D., & Serpa, J. G. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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- Mandal, 2012, Mental health and mindfulness: Mediational role of positive and negative affect, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 19, 150
- Michalak, 2008, Mindfulness predicts relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 630, 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817d0546 · DOI · Paper page
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Climate anxiety: What predicts it and how is it related to climate action?
Whitmarsh, L., Player, L., Jiongco, A., James, M., Williams, M., Marks, E., & Kennedy-Williams, P. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101866 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Goldberg, S. B., Imhoff-Smith, T., Bolt, D. M., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Dahl, C. J., Davidson, R. J., & Rosenkranz, M. A. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/23825 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses suggest that dispositional mindfulness along with both short-term (eg, mindfulness inductions) and long-term (eg, mindfulness-based interventions such as MBSR) training are associated with decreased psychiatric symptoms, negative affect, substance use, and neuroticism [9,49-53].”
BackgroundSimon, N. M., Hofmann, S. G., Rosenfield, D., Hoeppner, S. S., Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2496 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationde Sousa, G. M., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., de Araújo, D. B., & de Sousa, M. B. C. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00520-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
What do people mean when they talk about mindfulness?
Choi, E., Farb, N. A. S., Pogrebtsova, E., Gruman, J. A., & Grossmann, I. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102085 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2248222 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Brose, A., Blanke, E. S., Schmiedek, F., Kramer, A. C., Schmidt, A., & Neubauer, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12592 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Götmann, A., & Bechtoldt, M. N. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110695 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zou, Y., Li, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Liu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01053 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSimione, L., Raffone, A., & Mirolli, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01607-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Tobin, R., & Dunkley, D. M. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103780 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001308 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Portella, C. F. S., Ghelman, R., Abdala, C. V. M., & Schveitzer, M. C. (2020) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2020.100473 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The State of Dispositional Mindfulness Research
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01853-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kabasakal-Cetin, A. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104972 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Associations of Five Facets of Mindfulness With Self-Regulation in College Students
MacDonald, H. Z. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120937438 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A network approach to the five-facet model of mindfulness
Heeren, A., Lannoy, S., Coussement, C., Hoebeke, Y., Verschuren, A., Blanchard, M. A., Chakroun-Baggioni, N., Philippot, P., & Gierski, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94151-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The connection between mindfulness and flow: A meta-analysis
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111871 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prieto-Fidalgo, Á., Gómez-Odriozola, J., Royuela-Colomer, E., Orue, I., Fernández‐González, L., Oñate, L., Cortázar, N., Castillo, I. I., & Calvete, E. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01756-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Association between trait mindfulness and symptoms of post-traumatic stress: A meta-analysis
Harper, L., Jones, A., Goodwin, L., & Gillespie, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Do you mind a closer look? A jingle-jangle fallacy perspective on mindfulness
Altgassen, E., Geiger, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2024) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231174575 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Rubio, C., de Rivas, S., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01939-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Meynadier, J., Malouff, J. M., Schutte, N. S., Loi, N. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01440-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Network Analysis of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Rubio, C., de Rivas, S., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., Lara, R. M. M., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01704-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility in older adulthood: a scoping review.
Plys, E., Jacobs, M. L., Allen, R. S., & Arch, J. J. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2036948 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Eisma, M. C., Janshen, A., Huber, L., & Schroevers, M. J. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2165647 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“This is in line with findings of a recent meta-analysis (Carpenter et al., 2019), which examined the relationship between mindfulness facets and affective symptoms.”
ResultMindful Parents, Mindful Children? Exploring the Role of Mindful Parenting
Kil, H., Lee, E. H., Antonacci, R., & Grusec, J. E. (2022) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2022.2049601 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ueberholz, R. Y., & Fiocco, A. J. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01913-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A mindfulness‐based well‐being group for international students in higher education: A pilot study
Xiong, Y., Prasath, P. R., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. (2022) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12432 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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The Relationship Between Negative Affect, State Mindfulness, and the Role of Personality
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01989-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mirolli, M., Simione, L., Martoni, M., & Fabbri, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413149 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation and factor structure of the mindfulness-based self efficacy scale-revised
Cayoun, B., Elphinstone, B., Kasselis, N., Bilsborrow, G., & Skilbeck, C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01834-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jeong, J.-H., & Bae, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0288 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
There Is More to Mindfulness Than Emotion Regulation: A Study on Brain Structural Networks
Baltruschat, S., Cándido, A., Maldonado, A., Verdejo-Lucas, C., Catena-Verdejo, E., & Catena, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659403 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Isham, A. E., del Palacio-Gonzalez, A., & Dritschel, B. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01494-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ding, H., Zhang, L., Ma, C., Wen, H., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97179-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bizzarri, F., Giuliani, A., & Mocenni, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933183 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tousignant, O. H., Hopkins, S. W., Stark, A. M., & Fireman, G. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010050 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“DM has consistently been associated with fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety in clinical populations, such as people with depressive disorders, general anxiety disorders,(21,22) bipolar affective disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.(21,22,26,27) Emerging evidence suggests that DM may protect against the deve…”
BackgroundApp‐based mindfulness training supported eudaimonic wellbeing during the COVID19 pandemic
de Zavala, A. G., Keenan, O., Ziegler, M. D., Ciesielski, P., Wahl, J. E., & Mazurkiewicz, M. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12468 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1966089 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale-Short Form Development Using Rasch Analyses
Pratscher, S. D., Oyler, D. L., Bettencourt, B. A., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01937-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mindfulness and academic emotions: A field study during a lecture
Senker, K., Fries, S., Dietrich, J., & Grund, A. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102079 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the effects of mindfulness meditation training on self-reported interoception
Treves, I. N., Chen, Y., Wilson, C. L., Verdonk, C., Qinaʻau, J., Pustejovsky, J. E., Goldberg, S. B., Mehling, W. E., Schuman‐Olivier, Z., & Khalsa, S. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22661-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness in Recovery from Colorectal Cancer
McCombie, A., Jordan, J., Mulder, R., Dee, K., Ong, E. L., Zimmermann, F. F., Frampton, C. M., & Frizelle, F. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-023-3632-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Guo, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02395-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ramanathan, D., Nan, J., Grennan, G., Jaiswal, S., Purpura, S. R., Manchanda, J. K., Maric, V., Balasubramani, P. P., & Mishra, J. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100384 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness
Fatfouta, R., & Heinze, P. E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03115-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Role of Trait Mindfulness in the Association between Loneliness and Psychological Distress
Coutts-Smith, J., & Phillips, W. J. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02184-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study
Hartong, V., & van Emmerik, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2080616 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In a recent metaanalysis, large correlations (r = −.53) were found between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and measures of anxiety (Carpenter et al. 2019).”
BackgroundTrait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and depression in individuals with multiple sclerosis
Duraney, E. J., Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103651 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shapira, I., Richman, J., Pace, T. W. W., Lim, K. O., Polusny, M. A., Hamner, M. B., Bremner, J. D., Mumba, M. N., Jacobs, M. L., Pilkinton, P. D., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01969-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jacoby, R. J., Brown, M. L., Wieman, S. T., Rosenfield, D., Hoeppner, S. S., Bui, É., Hoge, E. A., Khalsa, S. B. S., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13992 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationKoç, M. S., & Uzun, B. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00522-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Are Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Related to Peace of Mind? The Mediating Role of Nonattachment
Xie, Q. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231198511 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Schmidt, C., Soler, J., Vega, D., Nicolaou, S., Arias, L., & Pascual, J. C. (2024) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-024-00265-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“Mindfulness also includes behaviors marked by navigating one’s environment with awareness, again to the present moment [12, 13].”
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Bailey, N. W., Comte, W., Chambers, R., Bartlett, L., Connaughton, S., & Hassed, C. S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02168-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Johnson, N. J., Smith, R. J., & Kil, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1347487 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ådnøy, T., Solem, S., Hagen, R., & Havnen, A. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01336-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, a meta-analysis [17] concluded that it may be useful to consider trait mindfulness both multi-dimensionally and as a unitary construct.”
BackgroundLiu, C., Cui, C., Sznajder, K. K., Wang, J., Zuo, X., & Yang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966505 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attentional bias to threat: an investigation of psychological predictors beyond trait anxiety
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Dynamic Functional Connectivity Correlates of Trait Mindfulness in Early Adolescence
Treves, I. N., Marusak, H. A., Decker, A. L., Kucyi, A., Hubbard, N. A., Bauer, C. C. C., Leonard, J., Grotzinger, H., Giebler, M. A., Torres, Y. C., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100367 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Mindfulness Using Construal Level Theory: A Two-Dimensional Model
Bigman, N., & Yovel, I. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02429-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fendel, J. C., Bürkle, J. J., & Schmidt, S. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00052 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Baminiwatta, A., Alahakoon, H., Herath, N. C., Kodithuwakku, K. M., & Nanayakkara, T. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01863-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kümmerle, S., Heidenreich, T., & Müller‐Engelmann, M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02093-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Baminiwatta, A., Alahakoon, H., Herath, N. C., Kodithuwakku, K. M., & Nanayakkara, T. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02108-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stein, J. A., Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., Bray, S., MacMaster, F. P., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01291-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of mindfulness and resilience in Navy SEAL training
Ledford, A. K., Luning, C. R., Dixon, D. P., Miles, P. C., & Lynch, S. M. (2022) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2022.2062973 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psycho-oncology interventions focusing on fatigue and sleep disturbances
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Mindfulness training selectively reduces altruistic behaviour in low‐cost situations
Xie, T., Zhao, X., Jiang, T., Zhong, M., & Ma, N. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12893 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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A Network Investigation of Core Mindfulness Processes
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Validation of the Italian Translation of the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale
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State Mindful Attention Awareness as a Dyadic Protective Factor During COVID-19: a Daily Diary Study
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- Authors
- Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 101785
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6878205
- OpenAlex
- W2987367824
- Semantic Scholar
- e3e167ef0300d607e44250de2d45101d49820bec
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 14 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (R01AT007257)
- NIH/NIMH (R01MH099021, U01MH108168)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, affective symptoms, negative affect, non-judgment, non-reactivity, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Humans, Personality, Mindfulness
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