Investigating the mechanism of the flavor formation in Sichuan sun vinegar based on flavor-orientation and metagenomics
Open accessAbstract
Fermentation and aging are the key stages of flavor formation in Sichuan sun vinegar (SSV), but the generation mechanisms of the flavor produced by these processes are unknown. However, complex microbial metabolism is critical to the flavor development of SSV. In this study, we analyzed the key flavor compounds present in SSV. Combined with odor activity value (OAV), the main aroma components of SSV were screened, and the relationship between microorganisms and key flavor formation was predicted using metagenomic sequencing technology. The results revealed 38 key flavor compounds in SSV. Lactobacillus, Weissella, Acetobacter, Lichtheimia, Pediococcus, Oenococcus, Brettanomyces, Kazachstania, Pichia, Xanthomonas, Lenconostoc are widely involved in the production of key flavor compounds such as 2,3-butanediol, 2-Furanmethanol, phenylethanol, 3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid and other organic acids. Among them, Lichtheimia and Lactobacillus are important genera for the degradation of starch, arabinoxylan and cellulose. The acetaldehyde,4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol and 2-methoxy-4-methyl-phenol production pathway may be related to Lactobacillus, Acetobacter and Brettanomyces. This study provides a new understanding of the key flavor-formation stage and flavor compound generation mechanism of SSV and provides a reference for the screening and isolation of functional strains and the reconstruction of microbial communities.
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The primary sources of flavor in vinegar are four factors: aroma and flavor compounds in raw materials; organic compounds produced by yeast during alcohol fermentation; further degradation of macromolecular substances during acetic acid fermentation; and chemical reactions between small molecules during aging.
“The primary sources of flavor can be attributed to four key factors: (1) the aroma and flavor compounds present in the raw materials; (2) the organic compounds produced by yeast during alcohol fermentation; (3) the further degradation of macromolecular substances during acetic acid fermentation; and (4) the chemical reactions between small molecules during the aging process [9].”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results and discussion sections on flavor changes report yeast-associated compounds during fermentation, hydrolysis of raw-material proteins into amino acids, and flavor-forming chemical reactions during aging. They do not establish the claimed four-factor account for vinegar generally: in particular, they do not identify pre-existing aroma compounds in raw materials as a primary source or place macromolecular degradation specifically in an acetic acid fermentation stage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Li, N., Fu, J., Zhang, G., Liu, J., Li, Z., Luo, R., & Li, L.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Li
- Venue
- Current Research in Food Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100460
- ISSN
- 2665-9271 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9925973
- OpenAlex
- W4319764612
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Research in Food Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2021YFN0095)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Biochemical and biochemical processes
- Keywords
- flavor formation, vinegar fermentation, vinegar aging, odor activity value, microbial communities, Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, Brettanomyces, Lichtheimia, starch degradation, arabinoxylan, cellulose degradation, 2,3-butanediol, phenylethanol, acetic acid, volatile organic acids, acetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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