Deciphering the succession patterns of bacterial community and their correlations with environmental factors and flavor compounds during the fermentation of Zhejiang rosy vinegar
Abstract
Zhejiang Rosy Vinegar (ZRV) is a traditional condiment in Southeast China, produced using semi-solid-state fermentation techniques under an open environment, yet little is known about the functional microbiota involved in the flavor formation of ZRV. In this study, 43 kinds of volatile flavor substances were identified by HS-SPME/GC-MS, mainly including ethyl acetate (relative content at the end of fermentation: 1104.1 mg/L), phenylethyl alcohol (417.6 mg/L) and acetoin (605.2 mg/L). The most abundant organic acid was acetic acid (59.6 g/L), which kept rising during the fermentation, followed by lactic acid (7.0 g/L), which showed a continuously downward trend. Amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the richness and diversity of bacterial community were the highest at the beginning and then maintained decreasing during the fermentation. The predominant bacteria were scattered in Acetobacter (average relative abundance: 63.7%) and Lactobacillus (19.8%). Both sequencing and culture-dependent analysis showed Lactobacillus dominated the early stage (day 10 to 30), and Acetobacter kept highly abundant from day 40 to the end. Spearman correlation analysis displayed that the potential major groups involved in the formation of flavor compounds were Acetobacter and Lactobacillus, which were also showed strong relationships with other bacteria through co-occurrence network analysis (edges attached to Acetobacter: 61.7%; Lactobacillus: 14.0%). Moreover, structural equation model showed that the contents of ethanol, titratable acid and reducing sugar were the major environmental factors playing essential roles in influencing the succession of bacterial community and their metabolism during the fermentation. Overall, these findings illuminated the dynamic profiles of bacterial community and flavor compounds and the potential functional microbes, which were expected to help us understand the formation of flavor substances in ZRV.
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The concentration of lactic acid decreases as acetic acid fermentation progresses.
“The concentration of lactic acid decreases as acetic acid fermentation progresses [88].”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
Lactic acid is produced by yeast during the alcohol fermentation stage.
“Lactic acid is produced by yeast during the alcohol fermentation stage.”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Fang, G.-Y., Chai, L.-J., Zhong, X.-Z., & Jiang, Y.-J.
- Affiliations
- Jiangnan University (CN)
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 341
- Pages
- 109070
- ISSN
- 0168-1605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126020714
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
- Keywords
- vinegar fermentation, bacterial community succession, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, volatile flavor compounds, ethyl acetate, 2-phenylethanol, acetoin, acetic acid, lactic acid, ethanol, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, co-occurrence networks, semi-solid-state fermentation
- MeSH terms
- Acetates, Acetobacter, Acetoin, China, Condiments, Fermentation, Flavoring Agents, Lactobacillus, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Taste, Acetic Acid, Microbiota
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