Nanoadsorbents as an effective wastewater treatment candidate for pharmaceutical contaminants; towards sustainable policy development
Open accessAbstract
Access to clean water is one of the most basic human needs for health and well-being and it is accepted as the 6th goal of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Emerging Contaminants from pharmaceutical compounds are one of the main pollutants of water bodies all over the world. Efficient and sustainable treatment of pharmaceutical contaminants is a challenging issue across the globe as these contaminants have complex chemical compositions that are poisonous to living beings. In addition, most of the treatment practices are ineffective or cost prohibitive. Hence, the effective removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water bodies is important in enhancing access to safe water for people across the world. This review discusses the recent development of innovative applications of nanotechnology-based adsorption techniques currently practiced in the water treatment process, with the objective of reviewing different variants of nanoadsorbents utilized for removing pharmaceutical contaminants from water bodies. Nonadsorbents such as Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique features, were found to have comparably higher potential to efficiently remove pharmaceutical wastes from water bodies. This review audit can be implemented in associated policy decisions and practices in the water treatment industry to shift contemporary emphasis from inefficient traditional methods to focus on developing cost-effective CNT treatments for pharmaceutical pollution. Implementing such treatment interventions as policies will help to reach the SDGs for the betterment of the world.
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The adsorption process generally proceeds through three stages: transportation of the adsorbate from the bulk solution to the surface of adsorbent, adsorption onto the surface, and diffusion inside the pores of the adsorbent.
“The adsorption process generally proceeds through three stages; transportation of the adsorbate from the bulk solution to the surface of adsorbent, adsorption onto the surface, and diffusion inside the pores of the adsorbent.54,57”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
The effectiveness of adsorption depends on the surface area, pore structure, and functional groups of the adsorbent, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbate, and external factors like pH, temperature, ionic strength, and contact time.
“The effectiveness of adsorption depends on various parameters such as the surface area, pore structure, and functional groups of the adsorbent, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbate. External factors like pH, temperature, ionic strength, and contact time are also crucial57,65).”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Advanced synthesis methods, including sol-gel techniques and molecular self-assembly, have enhanced the performance and scalability of nanomaterials for industrial applications.
“Advanced synthesis methods, including sol–gel techniques and molecular self-assembly, have enhanced the performance and scalability of nanomaterials for industrial applications.57”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Smaller hematite nanoparticles have enhanced adsorption capabilities for metal ions at reduced pH levels, highlighting the influence of particle size and shape in adsorption efficacy.
“Smaller hematite nanoparticles have enhanced adsorption capabilities for metal ions at reduced pH levels, highlighting the influence of particle size and shape in adsorption efficacy.57,98”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Carbon nanotubes coated with titanium dioxide have been modified to improve adsorption effectiveness owing to their increased surface area and better reactivity.
“Carbon nanotubes coated with titanium dioxide have been modified to improve adsorption effectiveness owing to their increased surface area and better reactivity.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hussein, E. B., Rasheed, F. A., Mohammed, A. S., & Kayani, K. F. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra06914a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“57 A key advantage of adsorption is its environmental sustainability.”
Influential
- Authors
- Anoob, F., Arachchi, S., Azamathulla, H. M., Al-mahbashi, N., & Rathnayake, U.
- Affiliations
- Government Engineering College Thrissur (IN)
- Atlantic Technological University (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Rathnayake, Upaka
- Venue
- Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 100639
- ISSN
- 2666-0164 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4391349650
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11
- FWCI
- 4.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- nanoadsorbents, pharmaceutical pollutants, emerging contaminants, wastewater treatment, carbon nanotubes, adsorption, nanotechnology, water pollution, Sustainable Development Goals, access to clean water
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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