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Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of reviews
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) is being used more and more often as a therapeutic tool in psychology or psychiatry. In recent years, VR interventions appear more extensively also in disorders such as depression, anxiety and phobia. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive synthesis and critical review of the literature to identify future directions to advance the field in this area. OBJECTIVES: To broadly characterize the literature to date on the application of VR in psychiatric disorders by conducting a systematic review of reviews, describe the limitations of existing research, suggest avenues for future research to address gaps in the current literature and provide practical recommendations for incorporating VR into various treatments for psychiatric disorders. METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for reviews on VR use in psychiatric disorders (e.g. various pain perceptions, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychosis, depression). The methodological quality of each literature review was assessed using AMSTAR. RESULTS: The original search identified 848 reviews, of which 70 were included in the systematic review of reviews. Broadly, the literature indicates that various VR interventions could be useful in different psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence supporting the positive impact of VR therapy in psychiatric disorders. However, the impact is defined differently according to the studied area. Nevertheless, due to the continuous development of VR hardware and software, it is essential to conduct further research in the area of psychiatric disorders, especially as no review has concluded that VR does not work.
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“While meta-analyses have supported the efficacy of VR treatments for various mental disorders in adults [2,4]”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In addition, because of the growth of technologies, the application of virtual and immersive reality in mental health has become increasingly common [14].”
From Innovative Technology–Based Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward People With Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cieślik, B., Mazurek, J., Rutkowski, S., Kiper, P., Turolla, A., & Szczepańska-Gieracha, J.
- Affiliations
- Jan Długosz University (PL)
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Opole University of Technology (PL)
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital (IT)
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Cieślik, Błażej
- ORCID
- Venue
- Complementary Therapies in Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 52
- Pages
- 102480
- ISSN
- 0965-2299 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3035314657
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Complementary Therapies in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality, mental illness, virtual reality therapy, depression, anxiety, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychosis, pain perception, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Mental Disorders, Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Pain Management, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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