Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Reality-Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial
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The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-enhanced cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in reducing the intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing phase II of CR in ambulatory conditions. One hundred participants (mean age 65.7 years) were divided randomly into two groups. Both groups took part in eight sessions of standard CR (three times per week). The experimental group was additionally supported by eight sessions of VR therapy using the VR TierOne device and the control group by eight sessions of Schultz Autogenic Training. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used as the primary outcome measure. The Perception of Stress Questionnaire was used as the secondary outcome measure. The data from 77 participants were subject to analysis. Post-intervention, in the experimental group, the overall HADS score was statistically significantly reduced by 13.5%, HADS-Depression by 20.8%, and the general stress level by 12.8% (p < 0.05). In the control group, the scores of the HADS, HADS-Anxiety and the general stress level were statistically significantly higher, by 4.8%, 6.5%, and 4.9%, respectively. VR-enhanced CR for individuals with cardiovascular disease reduced the level of anxiety and depression symptoms compared to standard CR.
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Among the 15 studies that demonstrated a positive effect, 1 (7%) reported nonsignificant results.
“1 (7%) reported nonsignificant results [38]”
From Immersive technologies for depression care: scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Jóźwik, S., Cieślik, B., Gajda, R., & Szczepańska-Gieracha, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- Jan Długosz University (PL)
- Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pultusk, 06-102 Pultusk, Poland
- Corresponding author
- Cieślik, Błażej
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-16
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2148
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8156884
- OpenAlex
- W3160055185
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 5.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- virtual reality, cardiac rehabilitation, depression, anxiety, coronary artery disease, autogenic training, stress, phase II cardiac rehabilitation, outpatient rehabilitation
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