Freely Available Virtual Reality Experiences as Tools to Support Mental Health Therapy: A Systematic Scoping Review and Consensus Based Interdisciplinary Analysis
Open accessAbstract
The primary purpose of this article is to review the potential therapeutic value of freely available VR content as an addition to the practitioners 'toolkit'. Research has shown that virtual reality (VR) may be useful to extend existing guided imagery-based practices found in traditional mental health therapy. However, the use of VR technology within routine mental health practice remains low, despite recent reductions in equipment costs. A systematic scoping review and interdisciplinary analysis of freely available VR experiences was performed across two popular online databases (SteamVR and Oculus.com). A total of 1785 experiences were retrieved and screened for relevance with 46 meeting the inclusion criteria. VR content was then reviewed for potential therapeutic value by an interdisciplinary panel with experience across a number of therapeutic interventions including cognitive behavioural therapy, Rogerian counselling, mindfulness-based therapies. and family therapy. Eleven (22%) of the 50 freely available VR experiences were reported to have therapeutic potential as tools to support routine mental health therapy. These included support with the following mental health issues-low mood, social anxiety, stress reduction and fear of heights. Guidance of a qualified mental health practitioner was recommended in all cases to maximise the benefit of the VR experiences retrieved. While the quality is variable, freely available VR experiences may contain valuable content that could support mental health therapy. This includes as a homework activity or as an initial setting for case formulation and behavioural experiments.
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The potential of virtual reality is proportional to an individual's immersion level within the virtual environment, as presence is indispensable for VRET efficiency.
“The potential of virtual reality is proportional to an individual’s immersion level within the virtual environment, as presence is indispensable for VRET efficiency [36,37].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
The Methodology (Domain 2: Immersive Experience; page unavailable) treats immersion as an aspect of VR experiences worth assessing, and the Results (Stage 2; page unavailable) note that poor audio and limited audience reaction impaired one experience’s immersive quality. The paper does not establish that VR’s therapeutic potential is proportional to an individual’s immersion level or that presence is indispensable for VRET effectiveness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCurrently, freely available dedicated VRET applications for acrophobia or claustrophobia treatment are either not scientifically validated or developed for clinical use, or share a technological bias of being delivered through a smartphone-powered interface, such as the Easy Heights application.
“Currently, freely available dedicated VRET applications for acrophobia or claustrophobia treatment are either not scientifically validated or developed for clinical use [37,44], or share a technological bias of being delivered through a smartphone-powered interface, such as the Easy Heights application [45].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Best, P., Meireles, M., Schroeder, F., Montgomery, L., Maddock, A., Davidson, G., Galway, K., Trainor, D., Campbell, A., & Van Daele, T.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Best, Paul
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science
- Published
- 2021-06-23
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100-114
- ISSN
- 2366-5963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8219512
- OpenAlex
- W3167563429
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (27037-1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality, psychotherapy, therapeutic potential, guided imagery, cognitive behavioral therapy, social anxiety, depressive mood, stress reduction, fear of heights, behavioural experiments, case formulation, homework
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