Phenotypic characterization of speed-associated gait changes in mice reveals modular organization of locomotor networks
Open accessAbstract
Studies of locomotion in mice suggest that circuits controlling the alternating between left and right limbs may have a modular organization with distinct locomotor circuits being recruited at different speeds. It is not clear, however, whether such a modular organization reflects specific behavioral outcomes expressed at different speeds of locomotion. Here, we use detailed kinematic analyses to search for signatures of a modular organization of locomotor circuits in intact and genetically modified mice moving at different speeds of locomotion. We show that wild-type mice display three distinct gaits: two alternating, walk and trot, and one synchronous, bound. Each gait is expressed in distinct ranges of speed with phenotypic inter-limb and intra-limb coordination. A fourth gait, gallop, closely resembled bound in most of the locomotor parameters but expressed diverse inter-limb coordination. Genetic ablation of commissural V0V neurons completely removed the expression of one alternating gait, trot, but left intact walk, gallop, and bound. Ablation of commissural V0V and V0D neurons led to a loss of walk, trot, and gallop, leaving bound as the default gait. Our study provides a benchmark for studies of the neuronal control of locomotion in the full range of speeds. It provides evidence that gait expression depends upon selection of different modules of neuronal ensembles.
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The characteristic coordinated sequence of diagonal LH-RF and RH-LF strides corresponds to trotting, the natural gait mice produce to accommodate speeds faster than 20 cm/s.
“The characteristic coordinated sequence of diagonal LH-RF and RH-LF strides observed corresponds to trotting, the natural gait that mice produce (37) to accommodate speeds faster than 20 cm/s.”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
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Self-citationDeep learning-based behavioral profiling of rodent stroke recovery
Weber, R., Mulders, G., Kaiser, J., Tackenberg, C., & Rust, R. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01434-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism
Masini, D., & Kiehn, O. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28075-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationSensory cortical control of movement
Karadimas, S. K., Satkunendrarajah, K., Laliberté, A. M., Ringuette, D., Weisspapir, I., Li, L., Gosgnach, S., & Fehlings, M. G. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0536-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury
Hachem, L. D., & Fehlings, M. G. (2021) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2021.03.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A rapid whisker-based decision underlying skilled locomotion in mice
Warren, R. A., Zhang, Q., Hoffman, J. R., Li, E. Y., Hong, Y. K., Bruno, R. M., & Sawtell, N. B. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63596 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sarnaik, R., & Raman, I. M. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.29546 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Since locomotion was voluntary, the stride duration of the mouse on the treadmill varied with running speed, step length, or other alterations of gait, but left-right limb alternation was preserved as in freely walking mice (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Machado et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMechanosensory neurons control the timing of spinal microcircuit selection during locomotion
Knafo, S., Fidelin, K., Prendergast, A. E., Tseng, P.-E. B., Parrin, A., Dickey, C. W., Böhm, U. L., Figueiredo, S. N., Thouvenin, O., Pascal‐Moussellard, H., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.25260 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dynamic synchronization between hippocampal representations and stepping
Joshi, A., Denovellis, E. L., Mankili, A., Meneksedag, Y., Davidson, T. J., Gillespie, A. K., Guidera, J. A., Roumis, D. K., & Frank, L. M. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05928-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Computational modeling of brainstem circuits controlling locomotor frequency and gait
Ausborn, J., Shevtsova, N. A., Caggiano, V., Danner, S. M., & Rybak, I. A. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43587 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Moreover, the model was able to reproduce changes in 96 frequency-dependent gait expression in mutant mice lacking specific genetically identified CINs and 97 LPNs (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
InfluentialCabaj, A., Majczyński, H., Couto, E., Gardiner, P., Stecina, K., Sławińska, U., & Jordan, L. (2017) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272271 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Also, the frequently observed near left–right synchrony typical of galloping or bounding behaviour (Bellardita & Kiehn, 2015) was not consistently altered by SB269970 (Fig.”
BackgroundFunctional diversity of excitatory commissural interneurons in adult zebrafish
Björnfors, E. R., & El Manira, A. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18579 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The excitatory V0v interneurons are recruited only at higher fre- quencies and mediate alternation by activating contralateral inhibitory interneurons (Talpalar et al., 2013; Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
Functional diversity of glycinergic commissural inhibitory neurons in larval zebrafish
Satou, C., Sugioka, T., Uemura, Y., Shimazaki, T., Zmarz, P., Kimura, Y., & Higashijima, S.-I. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A translational approach to capture gait signatures of neurological disorders in mice and humans
Broom, L., Ellison, B. A., Worley, A., Wagenaar, L., Sörberg, E., Ashton, C., Bennett, D. A., Buchman, A. S., Saper, C. B., Shih, L. C., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03336-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Spinal control of muscle synergies for adult mammalian locomotion
Desrochers, É., Harnie, J., Doelman, A., Hurteau, M.-F., & Frigon, A. (2018) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277018 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Several lines of evidence suggest that the mammalian spinal cord is organized into functional modules (Tresch and Bizzi, 1999; Lemay and Grill, 2004; Hagglund et al. 2013; Caggiano et al. 2016) that provide the basic building blocks for locomotion (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundPreisig, D. F., Kulic, L., Krüger, M., Wirth, F., McAfoose, J., Späni, C. B., Gantenbein, P., Derungs, R., Nitsch, R. M., & Welt, T. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.044 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lateral flexion of a compliant spine improves motor performance in a bioinspired mouse robot
Bing, Z.-S., Rohregger, A., Walter, F., Huang, Y., Lucas, P., Morin, F., Huang, K., & Knoll, A. C. (2023) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adg7165 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways
Stachowski, N. J., & Dougherty, K. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052667 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Shevtsova, N. A., & Rybak, I. A. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272437 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…CINs of V0D and V0V types involved in the left–right coordination of neuronal activity in the mouse spinal cord in vitro (Talpalar et al. 2013; Molkov et al. 2015; Shevtsova et al. 2015; Rybak et al. 2015), as well as in the speed-dependent gait expression in mice in vivo (Bellarita & Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundThe role of V3 neurons in speed-dependent interlimb coordination during locomotion in mice
Zhang, H., Shevtsova, N., Deska-Gauthier, D., Mackay, C., Dougherty, K. J., Danner, S. M., Zhang, Y., & Rybak, I. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458603 · Cited by 38
“Mice sequentially change gait from walk to trot and then to gallop and bound as locomotor speed increases (Clarke and Still, 1999; Herbin et al., 2004, 2007; Batka et al., 2014; Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Lemieux et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMolecular blueprints for spinal circuit modules controlling locomotor speed in zebrafish
Pallucchi, I., Bertuzzi, M., Madrid, D., Fontanel, P., Higashijima, S.-I., & El Manira, A. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01479-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Marcantoni, M., Fuchs, A., Löw, P., Bartsch, D., Kiehn, O., & Bellardita, C. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0167 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign Principles for Central Pattern Generators With Preset Rhythms
Lodi, M., SHILNIKOV, A. L., & Storace, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2019.2945637 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Table I summarizes the characteristics of mouse gaits, extracted from [27] and [28].”
BackgroundThe rhythm section: an update on spinal interneurons setting the beat for mammalian locomotion
Dougherty, K. J., & Ha, N. T. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Specifically, the V0D population of inhibitory commissural interneurons is active at low speeds of locomotion and the V0v population of excitatory commissural interneurons takes over at medium speeds corresponding to trot [6,22,67].”
BackgroundInfluentialDewolf, A. H., Ivanenko, Y. P., Zelik, K. E., Lacquaniti, F., & Willems, P. A. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00167.2019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This was demonstrated in a variety of animal species (Bellardita and Kiehn 2015; McLean et al. 2008; Yokoyama et al. 2017).”
BackgroundWT1-Expressing Interneurons Regulate Left–Right Alternation during Mammalian Locomotor Activity
Haque, F., Rančić, V., Zhang, W., Clugston, R. D., Ballanyi, K., & Gosgnach, S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0328-18.2018 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In conclusion, it is becoming clear that the circuitry responsible for coordination of motor pools across the midline requires precise modulation and regulation to switch seamlessly between the different gait patterns that predominate at various locomotor speeds (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundEncoding of locomotion kinematics in the mouse cerebellum
Muzzu, T., Mitolo, S., Gava, G. P., & Schultz, S. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203900 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pocratsky, A. M., Shepard, C. T., Morehouse, J. R., Burke, D. A., Riegler, A. S., Hardin, J. T., Beare, J. E., Hainline, C., States, G. J. R., Brown, B. L., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53565 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stable, interactive modulation of neuronal oscillations produced through brain-machine equilibrium
McNamara, C. G., Rothwell, M., & Sharott, A. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111616 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Rodent locomotion can be categorized into distinct gaits that can be broadly divided into slower alternating limb patterns (e.g., walking and trotting) and faster “bounding” patterns, where the forelimbs and hindlimbs are moved synchronously and landed together (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundShared and specific signatures of locomotor ataxia in mutant micePreprint
Machado, A. S., Marques, H., Duarte, D. F., Darmohray, D. M., & Carey, M. R. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914077 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, 2015) and is consistent with impaired interlimb coordination rather than a simple switch to a different gait pattern (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundPocratsky, A. M., Burke, D. A., Morehouse, J. R., Beare, J. E., Riegler, A. S., Tsoulfas, P., States, G. J. R., Whittemore, S. R., & Magnuson, D. S. K. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02033-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Proximal and distal spinal neurons innervating multiple synergist and antagonist motor pools
Ronzano, R., Lancelin, C., Bhumbra, G. S., Brownstone, R., & Beato, M. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.70858 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“284 Given the involvement of LPDNs in the diagonal synchronisation of fore and hindlimb during 285 locomotion (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Ruder et al., 2016; Sherrington et al., 1906), we also 286 injected contralateral FMs and GS (Figure 6-figure supplement 1A).”
Aurup, C., Kamimura, H., & Konofagou, E. (2021) · Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.013 · Cited by 30
“Locomotor control allows for the organization of stepping order and speed that result in different gait patterns such as walking or galloping (Bellardita and Kiehn 2015; Roseberry et al. 2016), which can be selectively induced by adjusting electrical stimulation parameters such as frequency and intensity (Garcia-Rill…”
BackgroundWang, B., Jin, Y., Dong, J., Xiao, H., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Chen, Z.-Y., Yang, X., Fan, S., & Cui, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.706755 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Walking Protocol The speed of walking (defined as less than 6 m/min in mouse models) was determined firstly according to the previous studies (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Caggiano et al., 2018).”
MethodResultOpponent regulation of action performance and timing by striatonigral and striatopallidal pathways
Bakhurin, K. I., Li, X., Friedman, A. D., Lusk, N. A., Watson, G. D. R., Kim, N., & Yin, H. H. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.54831 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Walking with perturbations: a guide for biped humans and robots
Duysens, J., & Forner‐Cordero, A. (2018) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aada54 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“[34] Bellardita C and Kiehn O 2015 Phenotypic”
BackgroundMacrophages excite muscle spindles with glutamate to bolster locomotion
Yan, Y., Antolin, N., Zhou, L., Xu, L., Vargas, I. L., Gómez, C., Kong, G., Palmisano, I., Yang, Y., Chadwick, J., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08272-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Animal movements were captured at 200 FPS using two cameras (model ACA640-90UC, Basler) to obtain ventral and lateral views, as previously demonstrated 53 .”
Self-citationGradwell, M. A., Ozeri-Engelhard, N., Eisdorfer, J. T., Laflamme, O. D., Gonzalez, M., Upadhyay, A., Medlock, L., Shrier, T., Patel, K., Aoki, A., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.027 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Schnerwitzki, D., Perry, S. E., Ivanova, A., Caixeta, F. V., Cramer, P., Günther, S., Weber, K., Tafreshiha, A. S., Becker, L., Panesso, I. L. V., et al. (2018) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.201800106 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This suggests that they might have dif fi culties to run at high speeds and to switch from walk to other running gaits (Bellardita & Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodJha, U., & Thirumalai, V. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/683649 · Cited by 27
Rapid and robust patterns of spontaneous locomotor deficits in mouse models of Huntington’s disease
Heikkinen, T., Bragge, T., Bhattarai, N., Parkkari, T., Puoliväli, J. T., Kontkanen, O., Sweeney, P., Park, L. C., & Muñoz-Sanjuán, I. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243052 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Walking speed is linked to limb coordination [67], and the limbs of healthy mice are remarkably coordinated during walking [68].”
BackgroundShimazaki, T., Tanimoto, M., Oda, Y., & Higashijima, S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1964-18.2018 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Whereas the bilateral CNS works symmetrically in some behaviors (e.g., during hopping or galloping) (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Kiehn, 2016), in many cases it works asymmetrically between the left and right sides, such as when animals swim, walk, run, or perform lateralized movements (Grillner and…”
BackgroundContext-Dependent Gait Choice Elicited by EphA4 Mutation in Lbx1 Spinal Interneurons
Satoh, D., Pudenz, C., & Arber, S. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.033 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation enables high-fidelity fatigue-resistant muscle control
Herrera-Arcos, G., Song, H., Yeon, S. H., Ghenand, O., Gutierrez-Arango, S., Sinha, S., & Herr, H. (2024) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adi8995 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“On the basis of the reference trajectory frequency (0.6 Hz) mimicking a walking gait at 0.125 m/s ( 43 ), we estimated that this animal would have performed 2227 cycles walking approximately 465 m. Periodic behavior was observed during extended closed-loop control.”
MethodInfluentialComputational Modeling of Spinal Locomotor Circuitry in the Age of Molecular Genetics
Ausborn, J., Shevtsova, N. A., & Danner, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136835 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Thus, to model the mechanisms underlying speed-dependent gait expression and its changes in mutants lacking V0 V or all V0 commissural interneurons [116,117], interactions between the circuits controlling each of the four limbs had to be considered [139,146].”
BackgroundInfluentialTargeting a therapeutic LIF transgene to muscle via the immune system ameliorates muscular dystrophy
Welc, S. S., Flores, I., Wehling-Henricks, M., Ramos, J. N., Wang, Y., Bertoni, C., & Tidball, J. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10614-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The mammalian spinal commissural system: properties and functions
Maxwell, D. J., & Soteropoulos, D. S. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00347.2019 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brainstem Steering of Locomotor Activity in the Newborn Rat
Oueghlani, Z., Simonnet, C., Cardoit, L., Courtand, G., Cazalets, J., Morin, D., Juvin, L., & Barrière, G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1074-18.2018 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nonlinear Modulation of Cutaneous Reflexes with Increasing Speed of Locomotion in Spinal Cats
Hurteau, M., Thibaudier, Y., Dambreville, C., Chraibi, A., Desrochers, É., Telonio, A., & Frigon, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3042-16.2017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“, 2008) and mice during overground stepping (Talpalar et al., 2013; Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015) have shown that different populations of spinal neurons were recruited with increasing speed.”
BackgroundThe functional diversity of spinal interneurons and locomotor control
Deska‐Gauthier, D., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chen, X. '., Niu, X., Wu, D., Yu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e19050229 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The transition from no-limb-pairing to trot (or pace) is also similar to what has been observed in mice [47,48].”
ResultNeural circuit and synaptic dysfunctions in ALS-FTD pathology
Mora, S., & Allodi, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1208876 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Androjna, C., Yee, C. S., White, C. R., Waldorff, E. I., Ryaby, J. T., Zborowski, M., Alliston, T. N., & Midura, R. J. (2020) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115761 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Absent phasing of respiratory and locomotor rhythms in running mice
Hérent, C., Diem, S., Fortin, G., & Bouvier, J. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61919 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Montañana-Rosell, R., Selvan, R., Hernández-Varas, P., Kaminski, J. M., Sidhu, S. K., Ahlmark, D. B., Kiehn, O., & Allodi, I. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558103 · Cited by 18
“They control the left-right coordination at slow and high speed of locomotion, respectively (8-10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZelenin, P. V., Vemula, M. G., Lyalka, V. F., Kiehn, O., Talpalar, A. E., & Deliagina, T. G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1979-20.2021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“FW locomotion in V0Glut-KO and V0-KO mice has been characterized previously (Talpalar et al., 2013; Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNervous mechanisms of locomotion in different directions
Deliagina, T. G., Евгеньевич, М. П., & Zelenin, P. V. (2018) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.11.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Züchner, M., Kondratskaya, E., Sylte, C. B., Glover, J. C., & Boulland, J. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp274484 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Deep Homology?: Uncanny Similarities of Humans and Flies Uncovered by Evo-Devo
Held, L. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781316550175 · Cited by 18
Rare phenomena of central rhythm and pattern generation in a case of complete spinal cord injury
Minassian, K., Bayart, A., Lackner, P., Binder, H., Freundl, B., & Hofstoetter, U. S. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39034-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Yet, the two distinct patterns share a resemblance to the different gait types (walk, trot, gallop, bound) expressed at different speeds of locomotion in quadrupedal mammals 59,65,66 .”
Parallel locomotor control strategies in mice and flies
Gonçalves, A. I., Zavatone-Veth, J. A., Carey, M. R., & Clark, D. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2022.01.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Inhibition Underlies Fast Undulatory Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Deng, L., Denham, J. E., Arya, C., Yuval, O., Cohen, N., & Haspel, G. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0241-20.2020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In contrast, V0D inhibitory commissural interneurons coordinate left-right alternation used in slow (walk) rather than fast (trot) gaits (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Kiehn, 2016).”
BackgroundOutput variability across animals and levels in a motor system
Wenning, A., Norris, B. J., Günay, C., Kueh, D., & Calabrese, R. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.31123 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For example, interlimb phase variance in galloping mice was assessed convolving 51 episodes across three animals so the large variance shown probably reflects large repetition variance (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundDifferent Purkinje cell pathologies cause specific patterns of progressive gait ataxia in mice.
Jaarsma, D., Birkisdóttir, M., van Vossen, R., Oomen, D., Akhiyat, O., Vermeij, W., Koekkoek, S., Zeeuw, C. D. D., & Bosman, L. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106422 · Cited by 15
“…video analysis of spontaneous locomotion, forced locomotion on treadmills, and skilled locomotor tests such as balance beam or horizontal ladders (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Darmohray et al., 2019; Jones and Roberts, 1968; Preisig et al., 2016; Stanley et al., 2005; Timotius et al., 2019;…”
BackgroundEmbryonic temporal-spatial delineation of excitatory spinal V3 interneuron diversity
Deska‐Gauthier, D., Borowska-Fielding, J., Jones, C., Zhang, H., Mackay, C., Michail, R., Bennett, L. A., Bikoff, J. B., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113635 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Slow speed locomotion was achieved by subjecting mice to constant treadmill locomotion at a speed of 15 cm/s for 1 hour continuously – at this speed mice perform predominately a walking gait 49,50 .”
Spinal control of locomotion before and after spinal cord injury
Danner, S. M., Shepard, C. T., Hainline, C., Shevtsova, N., Rybak, I., & Magnuson, D. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533794 · Cited by 15
“of 2/3 was introduced to better account for the fore–hind asymmetry common in bound (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015; Hildebrand, 1977).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialImpact of Ninjin’yoeito on frailty and short life in klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice
Amitani, H., Chiba, S., Amitani, M. S., Michihara, S., Takemoto, R., Han, L., Fujita, N., Takahashi, R., & Inui, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.973897 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Video footage in which mice trotted, bounded, or galloped was not adopted for test data and retesting was performed (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
BackgroundWhy Firing Rate Distributions Are Important for Understanding Spinal Central Pattern Generators
Lindén, H., & Berg, R. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.719388 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A modular organization has also been suggested based on analysis of rodent gaits and cellular ablation (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015) and gaits of human infants (Sylos-Labini et al.”
BackgroundBärmann, J., Walter, H. L., Pikhovych, A., Endepols, H., Fink, G. R., Rueger, M. A., & Schroeter, M. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135811 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Studies with transgenic mice showed that left-right-integration of locomotion ultimately depends on the presence of commissural V0-interneurons [28].”
Interneuron diversity and function in the spinal motor system
Bikoff, J. B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.12.013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Elongated mitochondrial constrictions and fission in muscle fatigue
Lavorato, M., Loro, E., Debattisti, V., Khurana, T. S., & Franzini‐Armstrong, C. (2018) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.221028 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A back foot stepping frequency of 6 Hz was observed, consistent with fast limb movements recorded in freely running mice (Bellardita and Kiehen, 2015).”
Cerebellar contribution to locomotor behavior: A neurodevelopmental perspective
Sathyanesan, A., & Gallo, V. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Design of Synthetic Central Pattern Generators Producing Desired Quadruped Gaits
Lodi, M., SHILNIKOV, A. L., & Storace, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2017.2759320 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“These results are coherent with biophysical experiments where some CPG cells are genetically ablated [43] and are completely similar to those obtained in [28] for the 40-cell CPG.”
ResultGliotransmission and adenosinergic modulation: insights from mammalian spinal motor networks
Acton, D. G., & Miles, G. B. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00230.2017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For instance, changes in flexor-extensor coordination within locomotor networks underlie transitions from one gait to another, and gait changes allow animals to efficiently vary the speed of their locomotion (Bellardita and Kiehn 2015; Orlovsky et al. 1999).”
Maricelli, J. W., Lu, Q. L., Lin, D. C., & Rodgers, B. D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161984 · Cited by 15
Liu, Y.-T., Hasegawa, E., Nose, A., Zwart, M. F., & Kohsaka, H. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507222 · Cited by 14
“In limbed animals, changes in speeds are often accompanied by changes in gait (Bellardita and Kiehn, 2015).”
Background
- Authors
- Bellardita, C., & Kiehn, O.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Kiehn, Ole
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1426-1436
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4469368
- OpenAlex
- W1859836772
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS090919)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Robotic Locomotion and Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- locomotor circuits, gait, locomotion speed, interlimb coordination, modular organization, gait kinematics, walks, trotting, gallop, neuronal ensembles
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Extremities, Female, Gait, Locomotion, Mice, Central Pattern Generators
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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