The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Anatomically Constrained Model for Path Integration in the Bee Brain
Open accessAbstract
Path integration is a widespread navigational strategy in which directional changes and distance covered are continuously integrated on an outward journey, enabling a straight-line return to home. Bees use vision for this task-a celestial-cue-based visual compass and an optic-flow-based visual odometer-but the underlying neural integration mechanisms are unknown. Using intracellular electrophysiology, we show that polarized-light-based compass neurons and optic-flow-based speed-encoding neurons converge in the central complex of the bee brain, and through block-face electron microscopy, we identify potential integrator cells. Based on plausible output targets for these cells, we propose a complete circuit for path integration and steering in the central complex, with anatomically identified neurons suggested for each processing step. The resulting model circuit is thus fully constrained biologically and provides a functional interpretation for many previously unexplained architectural features of the central complex. Moreover, we show that the receptive fields of the newly discovered speed neurons can support path integration for the holonomic motion (i.e., a ground velocity that is not precisely aligned with body orientation) typical of bee flight, a feature not captured in any previously proposed model of path integration. In a broader context, the model circuit presented provides a general mechanism for producing steering signals by comparing current and desired headings-suggesting a more basic function for central complex connectivity, from which path integration may have evolved.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The neural representation of that heading can be maintained even if the fix on the external reference is temporarily lost [51,52], which enables insects to maintain a heading and to store vectors of travelled paths in memory [53].”
From Phenomenal interface theory: a model for basal consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Both parameters are also under feedback control, as sensory reafference continuously informs the brain about the body’s instantaneous forward velocity76–78 and heading79”
From Fine-grained descending control of steering in walking Drosophila (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Both parameters are also under feedback control, as sensory reafference continuously informs the brain about the body’s instantaneous forward velocity73–75 and heading76.”
From Fine-grained descending control of steering in walking Drosophila (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“Here, world-centric heading direction (θ) is computed in the ellipsoid body and sent to the protocerebral bridge (PB)17–19 while body-centric translation direction (φ) is relayed to the nodulus (NO)20.”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The central complex is the primary locus of spatial computations in arthropods.”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“In each integrator population, this velocity signal is added to a heading map, and the result is summed over time.”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Each velocity neuron projects to a population of “integrator” neurons, proposed to be PFN neurons (also known as CPU4).”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“This model does not contain an explicit representation of world-centric travel velocity; instead, it stores path components separately along two orthogonal axes of translation.”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“A recent model proposed by Webb and colleagues20 overcomes this limitation with a Cartesian system for translational velocity, consisting of one neuron tuned to forward-right velocity, and another neuron tuned to forward-left velocity.”
From Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Introduction to the theory of neural computation
Hertz, J., Krogh, A., & Palmer, R. G. (1994) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/0893-6080(94)90014-0 · Cited by 6,410
CircStat : A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics
Berens, P. (2009) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v031.i10 · Cited by 3,099
Zhang, K. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-06-02112.1996 · Cited by 1,001
Neural dynamics for landmark orientation and angular path integration
Seelig, J. D., & Jayaraman, V. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14446 · Cited by 718
Speed cells in the medial entorhinal cortex
Kropff, E., Carmichael, J. E., Moser, M.-B., & Moser, E. I. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14622 · Cited by 668
Invertebrate Synapsins: A Single Gene Codes for Several Isoforms inDrosophila
Klagges, B. R. E., Heimbeck, G., Godenschwege, T. A., Hofbauer, A., Pflugfelder, G. O., Reifegerste, R., Reisch, D., Schaupp, M., Buchner, S., & Buchner, E. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-10-03154.1996 · Cited by 489
Ring attractor dynamics in the Drosophila central brain
Kim, S. S., Rouault, H., Druckmann, S., & Jayaraman, V. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal4835 · Cited by 417
Neuronal architecture of the central complex in Drosophila melanogaster
Hanesch, U., Fischbach, K. F., & Heisenberg, M. (1989) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00261838 · Cited by 416
Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons
Krapp, H. G., & Hengstenberg, R. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/384463a0 · Cited by 409
Organization and Functional Roles of the Central Complex in the Insect Brain
Pfeiffer, K., & Homberg, U. (2014) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162031 · Cited by 392
Analysis of a spatial orientation memory in Drosophila
Neuser, K., Triphan, T., Mronz, M., Poeck, B., & Strauß, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07003 · Cited by 363
Maplike Representation of Celestial E -Vector Orientations in the Brain of an Insect
Heinze, S., & Homberg, U. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1135531 · Cited by 360
Self-citationBorst, A., Haag, J., & Reiff, D. F. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153155 · Cited by 345
Stability of the memory of eye position in a recurrent network of conductance-based model neurons
Seung, H. S., Lee, D. D., Reis, B. Y., & Tank, D. W. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81155-1 · Cited by 339
A neural circuit architecture for angular integration in Drosophila
Green, J., Adachi, A., Shah, K. K., Hirokawa, J. D., Magani, P. S., & Maimon, G. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22343 · Cited by 331
Feature detection and orientation tuning in the Drosophila central complex
Seelig, J. D., & Jayaraman, V. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12601 · Cited by 290
Local and global vectors in desert ant navigation
Collett, M., Collett, T. S., BISCH, S., & Wehner, R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28378 · Cited by 289
Wolff, T., Iyer, N. A., & Rubin, G. M. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23705 · Cited by 286
Angular velocity integration in a fly heading circuit
Turner-Evans, D., Wegener, S., Rouault, H., Franconville, R., Wolff, T., Seelig, J. D., Druckmann, S., & Jayaraman, V. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.23496 · Cited by 281
Sun Compass Integration of Skylight Cues in Migratory Monarch Butterflies
Heinze, S., & Reppert, S. M. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.025 · Cited by 268
Self-citationNocturnal Vision and Landmark Orientation in a Tropical Halictid Bee
Warrant, E. J., Kelber, A., Gislén, A., Greiner, B., Ribi, W. A., & Wcislo, W. T. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.057 · Cited by 254
Self-citationCentral neural coding of sky polarization in insects
Homberg, U., Heinze, S., Pfeiffer, K., Kinoshita, M., & el Jundi, B. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0199 · Cited by 238
Self-citationThe Antiquity and Evolutionary History of Social Behavior in Bees
Cardinal, S., & Danforth, B. N. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021086 · Cited by 220
Neuropeptides in interneurons of the insect brain
Nässel, D. R., & Homberg, U. (2006) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-006-0210-8 · Cited by 208
Neural coding underlying the cue preference for celestial orientation
el Jundi, B., Warrant, E. J., Byrne, M. J., Khaldy, L., Baird, E., Smolka, J., & Dacke, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1501272112 · Cited by 203
Self-citationNew methods for the computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction of neurons from confocal image stacks
Schmitt, S., Evers, J. F., Duch, C., Scholz, M., & Obermayer, K. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.047 · Cited by 199
Heinze, S., Florman, J., Asokaraj, S., el Jundi, B., & Reppert, S. M. (2012) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23214 · Cited by 194
Self-citationLabhart, T. (1980) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/bf00611874 · Cited by 187
Neurons of the Central Complex of the LocustSchistocerca gregariaare Sensitive to Polarized Light
Vitzthum, H., Müller, M. C. M., & Homberg, U. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-03-01114.2002 · Cited by 177
Neuroarchitecture of the central complex of the desert locust: Intrinsic and columnar neurons
Heinze, S., & Homberg, U. (2008) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21842 · Cited by 158
Self-citationCentral-Complex Control of Movement in the Freely Walking Cockroach
Martin, J. P., Guo, P., Mu, L., Harley, C. M., & Ritzmann, R. E. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.044 · Cited by 157
Temporal integration by calcium dynamics in a model neuron
Loewenstein, Y., & Sompolinsky, H. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1109 · Cited by 153
Ott, S. R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.031 · Cited by 143
Structure of the adult central complex in Drosophila: Organization of distinct neuronal subsets
Young, J. M., & Armstrong, J. D. (2009) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22284 · Cited by 142
Neural Activity in the Central Complex of the Insect Brain Is Linked to Locomotor Changes
Bender, J. A., Pollack, A. J., & Ritzmann, R. E. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.054 · Cited by 139
Braun, E., Dittmar, L., Boeddeker, N., & Egelhaaf, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00001 · Cited by 137
Lin, C.-Y., Chuang, C.-C., Hua, T.-E., Chen, C., Dickson, B. J., Greenspan, R. J., & Chiang, A. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.022 · Cited by 131
Kahsai, L., & Winther, Å. M. E. (2011) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22520 · Cited by 115
Functional divisions for visual processing in the central brain of flying Drosophila
Weir, P. T., & Dickinson, M. H. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514415112 · Cited by 114
Heinze, S., & Homberg, U. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0332-09.2009 · Cited by 113
Self-citationTransformation of Polarized Light Information in the Central Complex of the Locust
Heinze, S., Gotthardt, S., & Homberg, U. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1870-09.2009 · Cited by 113
Self-citationUncertainty about nest position influences systematic search strategies in desert ants
Merkle, T., Knaden, M., & Wehner, R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02395 · Cited by 113
Interneurones of the central complex in the bee brain (Apis mellifera, L.)
Homberg, U. (1985) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/0022-1910(85)90127-1 · Cited by 100
Mechanismen der Orientierung ohne richtende Außenreize
Mittelstaedt, H., & Mittelstaedt, M. L. (1973) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 99
Honeybee navigation: critically examining the role of the polarization compass
Evangelista, C., Kraft, P. G., Dacke, M., Labhart, T., & Srinivasan, M. V. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0037 · Cited by 96
Ring Attractor Dynamics Emerge from a Spiking Model of the Entire Protocerebral Bridge
Kakaria, K. S., & de Bivort, B. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00008 · Cited by 89
Cellular Basis of Head Direction and Contextual Cues in the Insect Brain
Varga, A. G., & Ritzmann, R. E. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.037 · Cited by 78
Bausenwein, B., Müller, N. R., & Heisenberg, M. (1994) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903400210 · Cited by 76
A Snapshot-Based Mechanism for Celestial Orientation
el Jundi, B., Foster, J. J., Khaldy, L., Byrne, M. J., Dacke, M., & Baird, E. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.030 · Cited by 76
Information flow through neural circuits for pheromone orientation
Namiki, S., Iwabuchi, S., Kono, P. P., & Kanzaki, R. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6919 · Cited by 74
Evolving neural models of path integration
Vickerstaff, R. J., & Paolo, E. A. D. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01772 · Cited by 67
Path integration — a network model
Wittmann, T., & Schwegler, H. (1995) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00199549 · Cited by 67
The neurobiological basis of orientation in insects: insights from the silkmoth mating dance
Namiki, S., & Kanzaki, R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.009 · Cited by 62
Anatomical and physiological evidence for polarisation vision in the nocturnal bee Megalopta genalis
Greiner, B., Cronin, T. W., Ribi, W. A., Wcislo, W. T., & Warrant, E. J. (2007) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-007-0214-1 · Cited by 61
Self-citationNocturnal insects use optic flow for flight control
Baird, E., Kreiss, E., Wcislo, W. T., Warrant, E. J., & Dacke, M. (2011) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1205 · Cited by 61
Self-citationWhich coordinate system for modelling path integration?
Vickerstaff, R. J., & Cheung, A. (2009) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.021 · Cited by 60
Central complex neurons exhibit behaviorally gated responses to visual motion inDrosophila
Weir, P. T., Schnell, B., & Dickinson, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00593.2013 · Cited by 58
Where paths meet and cross: navigation by path integration in the desert ant and the honeybee
Srinivasan, M. V. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-015-1000-0 · Cited by 54
Evolving a Neural Model of Insect Path Integration
Haferlach, T., Wessnitzer, J., Mangan, M., & Webb, B. H. (2007) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712307082080 · Cited by 53
Self-citationPolarization-Sensitive Descending Neurons in the Locust: Connecting the Brain to Thoracic Ganglia
Träger, U., & Homberg, U. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3624-10.2011 · Cited by 48
Going with the flow: a brief history of the study of the honeybee’s navigational ‘odometer’
Srinivasan, M. V. (2014) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-014-0902-6 · Cited by 47
Finding the Way with a Noisy Brain
Cheung, A., & Vickerstaff, R. J. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000992 · Cited by 47
Dircksen, H., & Homberg, U. (1995) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00318163 · Cited by 46
Amplitude and dynamics of polarization-plane signaling in the central complex of the locust brain
Bockhorst, T., & Homberg, U. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00742.2014 · Cited by 41
A Neurocomputational Model of Goal-Directed Navigation in Insect-Inspired Artificial Agents
Goldschmidt, D., Manoonpong, P., & Dasgupta, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00020 · Cited by 37
Kathman, N. D., Kesavan, M., & Ritzmann, R. E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.112391 · Cited by 28
Kunst, M., Pförtner, R., Aschenbrenner, K., & Heinrich, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025613 · Cited by 24
Siegl, T., Schachtner, J., Holstein, G. R., & Homberg, U. (2009) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-009-0820-z · Cited by 19
A spiking network for spatial memory formation: Towards a fly-inspired ellipsoid body model
Arena, P., Maceo, S., Patané, L., & Strauß, R. (2013) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6706882 · Cited by 17
Neural Coding: Bumps on the Move
Heinze, S. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.072 · Cited by 12
Self-citationA neural path integration mechanism for adaptive vector navigation in autonomous agents
Goldschmidt, D., Dasgupta, S., Wörgötter, F., & Manoonpong, P. (2015) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280400 · Cited by 9
Visual flight control in the honeybee
Baird, E. (2007) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d63befea4375 · Cited by 3
Wessnitzer, J., Haferlach, T., Mangan, M., & Webb, B. H. (2008) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712308094947 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Berens, 2009, CircStat: a MATLAB toolbox for circular statistics, J. Stat. Softw., 31, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hulse, B. K., Haberkern, H., Franconville, R., Turner-Evans, D., Takemura, S.-Y., Wolff, T., Noorman, M., Dreher, M., Dan, C., Parekh, R., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66039 · Cited by 392
The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila
Namiki, S., Dickinson, M. H., Wong, A. M., Korff, W., & Card, G. M. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.34272 · Cited by 337
Attractor and integrator networks in the brain
Khona, M., & Fiete, I. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00642-0 · Cited by 356
The insect central complex and the neural basis of navigational strategies
Honkanen, A., Adden, A., da Silva Freitas, J., & Heinze, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.188854 · Cited by 238
Self-citationThe natverse, a versatile toolbox for combining and analysing neuroanatomical data
Bates, A. S., Manton, J. D., Jagannathan, S. R., Costa, M., Schlegel, P., Rohlfing, T., & Jefferis, G. S. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53350 · Cited by 215
Metadata
- Authors
- Stone, T., Webb, B., Adden, A., Weddig, N. B., Honkanen, A., Templin, R., Wcislo, W., Scimeca, L., Warrant, E., & Heinze, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Lund University (SE)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (PA)
- Corresponding author
- Heinze, Stanley
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 3069-3085.e11
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6196076
- OpenAlex
- W2764135343
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 15.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 387 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Swedish Research Council (621-2012-2213)
- Marie-Curie IntraEuropean Fellowship (327901)
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (714599)
- Wenner-Gren Foundation
- Australian Research Foundation
- Air Force Office for Scientific Research
- VR (FA8655-07-C-4011)
- AFOSR (2012-02205)
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2011.0062, EP/F500385/1, BB/F529254/1)
- University of Edinburgh School of Informatics Doctoral Training Centre in Neuroinformatics and Computational Neuroscience
- UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/F500385/1)
- UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC (BB/F529254/1)
- UK Medical Research Council
- Jennifer and Greg Johnson
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Keywords
- path integration, bee navigation, central complex, optical flow, visual odometry, celestial compass, holonomic motion, receptive fields
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bees, Brain, Models, Anatomic, Space Perception, Spatial Navigation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
