Interpersonal violence, PTSD, and inflammation: Potential psychogenic pathways to higher C-reactive protein levels
Open accessAbstract
Interpersonal violence (IPV) is major public health concern with wide-ranging sequelae including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and possible alterations of immune and inflammation processes. There is a need to identify the psycho-biological pathways through which IPV may translate to altered inflammatory processes since both PTSD and inflammation are associated with serious physical health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the relationships between IPV, psychological distress, and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP), in a sample of 139 urban women who have a high likelihood for having experienced IPV. Participants were recruited from an outpatient gynecology clinic to complete self-report measures about their IPV histories and psychological symptoms, as well as to have their blood sampled using a finger stick. Results indicated that exposure to IPV predicted the presence of probable depression and PTSD diagnoses. Individuals who experience clinical levels of PTSD exhibited higher CRP levels, and this relationship held after adjusting for comorbid depression. Correlational analyses suggested that reexperiencing symptoms may explain the link between PTSD diagnosis and higher levels of CRP. Follow-up path analytic models provided good fit to the overall data, and indicated that the relationship between probable PTSD status and CRP is not explained by higher BMI. Overall, these findings call for increased attention to the role of PTSD in explaining links between trauma and diminished health.
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Increased concentrations of CRP are seen in individuals with PTSD.
“Increased concentrations of CRP are also seen in individuals with PTSD (Bersani et al, 2016;Heath et al, 2013;Miller et al, 2001;Plantinga et al, 2013).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Heath et al, 2013
At least with PTSD, increased inflammation levels have remained significant after adjusting for BMI in multiple studies.
“However, at least with PTSD, increased inflammation levels have remained significant after adjusting for BMI in multiple studies (Heath et al, 2013;McCanlies et al, 2011;Spitzer et al, 2010).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Heath et al, 2013
CRP concentration is correlated with PTSD symptom severity and duration, such that PTSD patients with high CRP had greater symptom severity and duration than those with low CRP.
“Michopoulos et al (2015) and Heath et al (2013) reported that CRP concentration was correlated with PTSD symptom severity and duration, such that PTSD patients with high, compared with low, CRP had greater symptom severity and duration (Heath et al, 2013;Michopoulos et al, 2015).”
From Danger Signals and Inflammasomes: Stress-Evoked Sterile Inflammation in Mood Disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Heath et al, 2013
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- Authors
- Heath, N. M., Chesney, S. A., Gerhart, J. I., Goldsmith, R. E., Luborsky, J. L., Stevens, N. R., & Hobfoll, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Marquette University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heath, Nicole M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cytokine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 172-178
- ISSN
- 1043-4666 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3731749
- OpenAlex
- W2094506143
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cytokine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P50HL105189)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- interpersonal violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, C-reactive protein, inflammation, depression, psychological distress, re-experiencing symptoms, psychoneuroimmunology, urban women, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence, Crime Victims, Young Adult
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