The DOI matches its Crossref record; 255 of the 258 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action
Open accessAbstract
Growing evidence suggests that agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor provide neuroprotection across a range of experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and, recently, a small proof-of-concept, open-label human trial of exenatide in the treatment moderate severity PD appeared to show persistent improvements in motor and cognitive function. The underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear, but as evidence for the potential use of GLP-1 agonists in treating several neurodegenerative disease mounts, and with several clinical trials of GLP-1 analogues in PD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently underway, here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 analogues in the laboratory and their potential therapeutic utility with particular relevance to PD and PD dementia (PDD).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous hormone secreted by ileal endocrine cells, which promotes insulin secretion in a hyperglycemic environment (Athauda and Foltynie 2016).”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Athauda and Foltynie 2016
In the citing paper
“GLP-1 is an enterogenous hormone that promotes insulin secretion and reduces glucagon secretion to reduce blood glucose in a glucose concentration-dependent manner (Athauda and Foltynie 2016).”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Athauda and Foltynie 2016
In the citing paper
“However, as GLP-1 is easily degraded, continuous intravenous drip or continuous subcutaneous injection is required to produce therapeutic effects, which limits its clinical usage.”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Athauda and Foltynie 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
SIRT1 Protects against α-Synuclein Aggregation by Activating Molecular Chaperones
Dönmez, G., Arun, A., Chung, C. Y., McLean, P. J., Lindquist, S. L., & Guarente, L. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3442-11.2012 · Cited by 208 · cited 1×
“122 Donmez, G. and Outeiro, T.F. (2013) SIRT1 and SIRT2: emerging targets in”
RetractedRampersaud, N., Harkavyi, A., Giordano, G., Lever, R., Whitton, J., & Whitton, P. S. (2012) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.004 · Cited by 32 · cited 1×
“202, 431–439 21 Rampersaud, N. et al. (2012) Exendin-4 reverses biochemical and behavioral”
RetractedLagouge, M., Argmann, C., Gerhart-Hines, Z., Meziane, H., Lerin, C., Daussin, F., Messadeq, N., Milne, J., Lambert, P., Elliott, P., et al. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.013 · Cited by 4,057 · cited 1×
“17, 485–492 104 Lagouge, M. et al. (2006) Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha.”
BackgroundBiology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP
Baggio, L. L., & Drucker, D. J. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054 · Cited by 3,639
A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Görgün, C. Z., Uysal, K. T., Maeda, K., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01137 · Cited by 3,359 · cited 1×
“202 Hirosumi, J. et al. (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance.”
BackgroundThe Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years
Hely, M. A., Reid, W. G. J., ADENA, M. A., Halliday, G. M., & Morris, J. G. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21956 · Cited by 2,346
Crosstalk in NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Oeckinghaus, A., Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2065 · Cited by 1,942
PGC-1α, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure
Cantó, C., & Auwerx, J. (2009) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328328d0a4 · Cited by 1,624
Distinct morphological stages of dentate granule neuron maturation in the adult mouse hippocampus
Zhao, C., Teng, E. M., Summers, R. G., Ming, G.-L., & Gage, F. H. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3648-05.2006 · Cited by 1,257 · cited 2×
“132 Zhao, C. et al. (2006) Distinct morphological stages of dentate granule neuron maturation in the adult mouse hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 26, 3–11 133 Höglinger, G.U. et al. (2004) Dopamine depletion impairs precursor cell proliferation in Parkinson disease.”
BackgroundKieffer, T. J., McIntosh, C. H., & Pederson, R. A. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.8.7628397 · Cited by 1,124
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 258 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ribeiro, 2012, Sitagliptin does not protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic striatal toxicity, pA2 Online, 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 383
Ogura, J., & Yamaguchi, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23126542 · Cited by 19
“GLP-1 binds to the GLP-1 receptor in the brain and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway [71,72].”
BackgroundChai, S., Liu, F., Yu, S., Yang, Z., & Sun, F. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14015 · Cited by 17
Khan, T. T. S., Sheikh, Z., Maleknia, S. D., Oveissi, F., Fathi, A., Abrams, T., Ong, H. X., & Traini, D. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2024.2387110 · Cited by 18
“…kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to phosphorylate effector proteins that bring about a variety of cellular responses through the activation of the mitogen-associated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) pathways [20,24].”
Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease
Verma, A., & Goyal, A. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176936 · Cited by 17
Therapeutic innovation in Parkinson’s disease: a 2020 update on disease-modifying approaches
Colombo, D., Pnevmatikou, P., Melloni, E., & Keywood, C. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1800454 · Cited by 18
Li, S., Sabbah, S. G., Kwan, A. T. H., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.08.002 · Cited by 19
Reed, J., Bain, S. C., & Kanamarlapudi, V. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s415934 · Cited by 21
“197,239,240 However, one study demonstrated that 24 weeks of exenatide administration did not influence lipid levels.”
InfluentialGouda, N. A., & Cho, J. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11101940 · Cited by 17
“Accumulating evidence supports that stimulation of GLP-1R in neurons leads to phosphorylation of Akt, which subsequently influences various downstream signaling pathways, such as NF-κB [58,67,68].”
BackgroundResultProspects of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease
Hu, L., Wang, W., Chen, X., Bai, G., Ma, L., Yang, X., Shu, Q., & Li, X. (2024) · Brain‐X · doi:10.1002/brx2.52 · Cited by 17
Huang, Y., Wang, X., Li, W., Yue, F., Wang, M., & Zhou, F. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s479670 · Cited by 16
“23 Meanwhile, it is considered as a brain-targeting ligand, specifically binding to GLP-1R, which is abundantly expressed in the substantia nigra (especially on microglia) under PD pathological conditions.”
BackgroundAnimal venoms: therapeutic tools for tackling Parkinson’s disease
Amaral, H. D. O., Monge‐Fuentes, V., Mayer, A. B., Campos, G. A. A., Lopes, K. S., Camargo, L. C., Schwartz, M. F., Galante, P., & Mortari, M. R. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.004 · Cited by 17
Shang, P., Baker, M. R., Banks, S. A., Hong, S., & Choi, D. (2021) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.21035 · Cited by 16
Poupon-Bejuit, L., Rocha‐Ferreira, E., Thornton, C., Hagberg, H., & Rahim, A. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00112 · Cited by 17
Hajare, S., & Kulkarni, Y. A. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149975 · Cited by 18
Odoemelam, C. S., Hunter, E., Simms, J., Ahmad, Z., Chang, M., Percival, B. C., Williams, I. H., Molinari, M., Kamerlin, S. C. L., & Wilson, P. (2022) · Applied Biosciences · doi:10.3390/applbiosci1020010 · Cited by 15
“Glucagon-like peptide1 receptor (GLP-1R) is of particular interest due to its role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and appetite regulation [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacological interventions in human aging
Petr, M. A., Matiyevskaya, F., Osborne, B., Berglind, M., Reves, S., Zhang, B., Ezra, M. B., Carmona-Marin, L. M., Syadzha, M. F., Mediavilla, M. C., et al. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102213 · Cited by 20
Obesity and Depression: Common Link and Possible Targets
Jitte, S., Keluth, S., Bisht, P., Wal, P., Singh, S., Murti, K., & Kumar, N. (2024) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273291985240430074053 · Cited by 15
Ineffectiveness of saxagliptin as a neuroprotective drug in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats
Turnes, J. D. M., Bassani, T. B., Souza, L. C., & Vital, M. A. B. F. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.12936 · Cited by 15
“neuroprotection.([14]) Interestingly, all of these mechanisms are also dysregulated in PD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe potential role of metformin in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Lu, M., Chen, H., Nie, F., Wei, X., Tao, Z., & Ma, J. (2020) · Journal of Bio-X Research · doi:10.1097/jbr.0000000000000055 · Cited by 15
Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) at the Enteric Level in a Synucleinopathy Mouse Model
Lamontagne‐Proulx, J., Coulombe, K., Dahhani, F., Côté, M., Guyaz, C., Tremblay, C., Marzo, V. D., Flamand, N., Calon, F., & Soulet, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124218 · Cited by 14
Promising new pharmacological targets for depression: The search for efficacy
Tsugiyama, L. E., de Moraes, R. C. M., Moraes, Y. A. C., & de Oliveira, J. F. (2023) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103804 · Cited by 14
Exploring the potential impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists in cancer therapy
Aslam, B., Zafar, M. D. B., Changez, M. I. K., ABDULLAH, M., Safwan, M., QAMAR, B., SHINWARI, A., & Sanjana, R. A. I. (2023) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.23.04101-5 · Cited by 14
Wu, X., Yuan, R., Xu, Y., Wang, K., Yuan, H., Meng, T., & Hu, F. (2024) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100904 · Cited by 16
Abubakar, M., Nama, L., Ansari, M. M., Ansari, M. M., Bhardwaj, S., Daksh, R., Syamala, K. L. V., Jamadade, M. S., Chhabra, V., Kumar, D., et al. (2024) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266293416240515075450 · Cited by 14
Marinho, T. D. S., Fabiano, M. M., Águila, M. B., & Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda, C. A. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149225 · Cited by 17
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism and end-organ protection
Daniels, S. J., Karlsson, C., Schrauwen, P., & Parker, V. (2025) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2025.01.002 · Cited by 19
“In rodent models of PD, GLP-1RAs have been shown to remediate striatal in fl ammation, reduce apoptosis, and improve motor and non-motor de fi cits [91].”
Status and future directions of clinical trials in Parkinson's disease
Söderbom, G. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.009 · Cited by 14
Leon, R. M., Borner, T., Stein, L., Urrutia, N. A., Jonghe, B. D. D., Schmidt, H. D., & Hayes, M. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108477 · Cited by 14
“In addition to glucoregulation and satiation (Barrera et al, 2011; Cabou et al, 2008; Müller et al, 2019), the GLP-1 system plays a role in the behavioral and physiological response to stress (Ghosal et al, 2013; Herman, 2018; Holt et al, 2016), nausea/emesis (De Jonghe et al, 2016; Kanoski et al, 2012; Kinzig et al,…”
BackgroundAge-related change of GLP-1R expression in rats can be detected by [18F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4
Wang, L., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Sheng, J., Pan, D., Wang, X., Yan, J., Yang, R., & Yang, M. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.022 · Cited by 14
Mi, N., Ma, L., Li, X., Fu, J., Bu, X., Liu, F., Yang, F., Zhang, Y., & Yao, L. (2023) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2023-0849 · Cited by 13
“Glp-1 provides clinical advantages in the treatment of moderate PD [38,39].”
BackgroundPradeloux, S., Coulombe, K., Ouamba, A. J. K., Isenbrandt, A., Calon, F., Roy, D., & Soulet, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193309 · Cited by 13
Drug Repositioning and Repurposing for Disease-Modifying Effects in Parkinson’s Disease
Jeong, S. H., & Lee, P. H. (2025) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.25008 · Cited by 13
“21 Additionally, insulin resistance has attracted attention as a potential contributor to neurodegenerative processes.”
Mitigation of Hearing Damage After Repeated Blast Exposures in Animal Model of Chinchilla
Jiang, S., Welch, P., Sanders, S., & Gan, R. Z. (2022) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-022-00862-2 · Cited by 13
“With the discovery of the neurotrophic and neuroprotective function of GLP-1 receptor (R) in the central nervous system, the potential of GLP-1R agonists as a treatment strategy for neurological disorders was reported (Athauda and Foltynie 2016; Salcedo et al. 2012).”
BackgroundRecent Advances in Drug Repurposing for Parkinson’s Disease
Chen, X., Gumina, G., & Virga, K. G. (2018) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867325666180719144850 · Cited by 13
Therapeutic efficacy of arginine-rich exenatide on diabetic neuropathy in rats
Шекунова, Е. В., Кашкин, В. А., Muzhikyan, A., Макарова, М. Н., Balabanyan, V. Y., & Makarov, V. G. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172835 · Cited by 13
Gut–brain axis in health and brain disease
Olasunkanmi, O. I., Zheng, L., & Zheng, P. (2026) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003920 · Cited by 12
Du, J., Xi, L., Zhang, Z., Ge, X., Li, W., Peng, W., Jiang, X., Liu, W., Zhao, N., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1097612 · Cited by 13
From diabetes to diverse domains: the multifaceted roles of GLP-1 receptor agonists
Dave, B. P., Chorawala, M. R., Shah, I., Shah, N. N., Bhagat, S. U., Prajapati, B. G., & Thakkar, P. C. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09793-y · Cited by 16
“This indicates that these receptors are crucial for the movement of synaptic signals among neurons [142, 143].”
Thakur, P., Baraskar, K., Shrivastava, V. K., & Medhi, B. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149176 · Cited by 12
Khan, M. A., Haider, N., Singh, T., Bandopadhyay, R., Ghoneim, M. M., Alshehri, S., Taha, M., Ahmad, J., & Mishra, A. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01180-z · Cited by 12
“The downstream process of their activation subsequently modulates “glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3-β), NF-kB, and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)”, which plays a crucial role in the pathological implications of PD (Athauda and Foltynie 2016).”
BackgroundTherapeutic potential of spinal GLP-1 receptor signaling
Zhang, D., & Lv, G. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.003 · Cited by 13
Mulak, A. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1701437 · Cited by 13
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Y., & Wang, T. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13301-y · Cited by 11
“GLP-1RAs exert neuroprotective effects through binding GLP-1 receptors and activating downstream signaling pathways [32, 33].”
The Intricate Interplay: Microbial Metabolites and the Gut‐Liver‐Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease
Kishanchand, D. K., A., A. K. K., Chandrababu, K., Philips, C. A., Sivan, U., & Chakrapani, P. S. B. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70016 · Cited by 13
Ali, I., Adil, M., Imran, M., Qureshi, S. A., Qureshi, S., Hasan, N., & Ahmad, F. J. (2025) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-025-01799-8 · Cited by 11
“Various targets are regulated by the previously mentioned pathways in addition to glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK-β) as well as forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) which assists the pathway of anti-apoptotic survival of cells and participates in the key role of the pathophysiology of the PD [122].”
Battini, V., Barbieri, M. A., Carnovale, C., Spina, E., Clementi, E., & Sessa, M. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12300-9 · Cited by 10
“Specifically, GLP-1a can cross the blood–brain barrier, exhibiting pro-cognitive effects by improving neurogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cerebral glucose metabolism [31, 33, 34].”
BackgroundTurcano, P., Savica, R., & Benarroch, E. E. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209781 · Cited by 11
Venoms As an Adjunctive Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease: Where are We Now and Where are We going?
Gazerani, P. (2020) · Future Science OA · doi:10.2144/fsoa-2020-0119 · Cited by 10
Glucagon-like Peptide 1, Brain, Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Modern View
Bulgakova, Romanchuk, N., & Treneva, E. V. (2020) · Bulletin of Science and Practice · doi:10.33619/2414-2948/53/19 · Cited by 10
An update on drug repurposing in Parkinson’s disease: Preclinical and clinical considerations
Salvadè, M., Luca, M. D., & Gardoni, F. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117862 · Cited by 12
Si, J., Yu, K., Hao, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251332035 · Cited by 9
“33 34–36 Specifically, the MAPK/ERK pathway mediates cellular proliferation, differentiation, migratory dynamics, senescence, and apoptotic regulation.”
Metabolic psychiatry targeting metabolic dysregulation in mental health
Sethi, S., Berk, M., Andreazza, A. C., Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Campbell, I. H., Campbell, H., Longhitano, C., Rasgon, N., Volek, J. S., Calkin, C., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00609-5 · Cited by 13
Kammula, S. V., Tripathi, S., Wang, N., Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M., & Mao, X. (2023) · Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.20517/and.2023.20 · Cited by 9
Mechanisms of Transsynaptic Degeneration in the Aging Brain
Wall, R. V., Basavarajappa, D. K., Klistorner, A. I., Graham, S. L., & You, Y. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.03019 · Cited by 10
“GLP1R is expressed at high levels in both microglia and astrocytes and its modulation exhibited neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease conditions [97, 150].”
BackgroundFernandes, L. S., dos Santos, N. A. G., Emerick, G. L., & dos Santos, A. C. (2018) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9941-z · Cited by 9
Reduction of hippocampal IL-6 levels in LPS-injected rats following acute exendin-4 treatment
Géa, L. P., da Rosa, E. D., Panizzutti, B., de Aguiar, É. Z., de Oliveira, L. F., Ferrari, P., Piato, Â., Gomez, R., Colombo, R., & Rosa, A. R. (2020) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01867-5 · Cited by 9
Bariatric Surgery and Gut-Brain-Axis Driven Alterations in Cognition and Inflammation
Custers, E., Franco, A., & Kiliaan, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s437156 · Cited by 9
“132 In obesity, the anorectic effect of GLP-1 seems to be reduced, since ob/ob mice show a reduction of GLP-1 receptors in the cortex and hippocampus.”
BackgroundInteractions between antidiabetes medications and heart–brain axis
Ong, L. T., & Sia, C. (2024) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000896 · Cited by 8
The role of glucagon-like peptides in osteosarcopenia
Tufail, E., Sanyal, S., Mithal, A., Sanyal, S., & Chattopadhyay, N. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-24-0210 · Cited by 8
Targeting Metabolic Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy
Barnwal, N., Dubey, S., & Tiwari, P. K. (2025) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/0113892002408089250912080734 · Cited by 14
Giofrè, F., Zaffina, I., Pelle, M. C., & Arturi, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1696419 · Cited by 9
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, Q., Zhong, Y., Xu, Z., & Yang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1757551 · Cited by 10
Therapeutic Opportunities for Intestinal Angioectasia‐ Targeting PPARγ and Oxidative Stress
Sarangdhar, M., Yacyshyn, M. B., Gruenzel, A. R., Engevik, M. A., Harris, N. L., Aronow, B. J., & Yacyshyn, B. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12899 · Cited by 8
“Recent studies have shown that GLP-1 has the potential to induce PPARγ activity, partially explaining the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 on endothelial cells.(37,38) SGLT-2 inhibitors, another class of antidiabetics, also showed decreased risk of intestinal bleeding (Tables S1 and S2).”
BackgroundHearing protection and damage mitigation in Chinchillas exposed to repeated low-intensity blasts
Jiang, S., Sanders, S., & Gan, R. Z. (2023) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2023.108703 · Cited by 8
A Research Update on Exendin-4 as a Novel Molecule Against Parkinson’s Disease
Singh, N. K., Singh, A., Varshney, M., & Agrawal, R. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230529093314 · Cited by 9
Mitral cells and the glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor: The sweet smell of success?
Bagnoli, E., & FitzGerald, U. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14115 · Cited by 8
“…microglial response and mitigate inflammation, is not completely clear yet, but it might involve the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), important in the inflammatory gene expression regulation and upregulated in the pathogenesis of PD (Athauda & Foltynie, 2016).”
BackgroundElsiad, E. A., Aal, H. A. A. E., Salem, H. A., El-Yamany, M. F., & Rabie, M. A. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13070594 · Cited by 10
“This prevented the degradation of I κ B, thereby keeping NF-κ B sequestered in the cytoplasm [28].”
Song, D., Zou, X., Ma, D., Zhao, Y., Liu, T., Shen, B., & Cheng, O. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202417664 · Cited by 7
Xu, T., Zheng, Y. J., Wong, S., Dri, C. E., Zhou, X. T., Teopiz, K. M., Le, G. H., & McIntyre, R. S. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.104870 · Cited by 8
Fire prevention in the Parkinson’s disease brain
Brundin, L., Bergkvist, L., & Brundin, P. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0109-4 · Cited by 7
Athauda, D. S., Evans, J. R., Mahoney‐Sanchez, L., Virdi, G. S., Lopez-Garcia, P., Wernick, A. I., Wagen, A. Z., D’Sa, K., Lachica, J., Strohbuecker, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582460 · Cited by 7
Self-citationParkinson’s disease and brain insulin signaling: Mechanisms and potential role of GLP-1 mimetics
Foroozanmehr, B., Hemmati, M. A., Yaribeygi, H., Karav, S., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149738 · Cited by 6
De, S., Banerjee, S., Rakshit, P., Banerjee, S., & Kumar, S. K. A. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733998291968240429111357 · Cited by 6
Симаненкова, А. В., Fuks, O., Тимкина, Н. В., Islamova, A., Суфиева, Д. А., Kirik, O. V., Korzhevsky, D. E., Vlasov, T. D., & Каронова, Т. Л. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2907265 · Cited by 6
Chen, W., Yan, X., Song, X., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Xu, G., Wang, T., Liu, Y., Zhao, F., & Song, G. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.011 · Cited by 6
Barilar, J. O., Knezović, A., Homolak, J., Perhoč, A. B., & Šalković‐Petrišić, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010548 · Cited by 6
“Recently, new studies showed that incretins influence several pathways in the brain, including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, cellular proliferation and apoptosis [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialServín‐Casas, G. A., Romo‐Araiza, A., Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G., Martínez-Solís, E. A., Ibarra-García, A. P., Cruz, Y., Rodríguez‐Barrera, R., García, E., Abraham, D. I., & Ibarra, A. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13951 · Cited by 6
Sobral, M. V. S., Soares, V. G., Moreira, J. L. D. M. L., Rodrigues, L. K., Rocha, P., Bendaham, L. C. A. R., Gonçalves, O. R., Pirolla, R. D. C., Vilela, L. V., de Abreu, V. S., et al. (2024) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107210 · Cited by 6
Qi, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yang, G., Gao, Q.-C., Li, W.-R., Cai, H.-Y., Zhao, H., Wang, J.-J., Zhao, X., Wang, J.-X., et al. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.335168 · Cited by 6
“Many studies have reported that GLP-1 and its analogues can improve various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and Parkinson’s disease (Athauda and Foltynie, 2016; Athauda et al., 2017; Grieco et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMohammed, O., & Kelemu, T. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71065 · Cited by 5
“Dipeptidyl peptidase ‐ IV (DPP ‐ IV) cleaves peptides at the N ‐ terminal proline or alanine, but it can also act more slowly on serine, glycine, and valine [51, 56].”
Elezz, A. M. A., khalefa, K. A., Gadelmawla, A. F., Khattab, Y. A., & Zeid, M. A. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01873-0 · Cited by 6
“The absence of a significant difference in motor function could be a result of GLP-1 agonists not directly modulating dopamine levels, but enhancing autophagy and clearance of aggregated proteins and suppressing inflammation and microglial activation (Athauda and Foltynie 2016).”
Tsai, W.-W., Lu, K.-H., Wu, J., Chuang, M., Chen, J., Lai, C.-C., Hung, K. C., & Hsieh, M. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251372747 · Cited by 8
GLP-1 Signalling as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Orozco, M. P., Rivadeneira, V. V., & León-Rojas, J. E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262412163 · Cited by 7
Joo, J. H., Zhao, A., Chalasani, M., Allan, K. C., & Rachitskaya, A. V. (2025) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2025.12.014 · Cited by 5
New insights into sodium phenylbutyrate as a pharmacotherapeutic option for neurological disorders
Juárez-Serrano, D., Handal‐Silva, A., Morán-Perales, J. L., Torres-Cifuentes, D. M., Flores, G., Treviño, S., Moreno-Rodriguez, A., Guevara, J., & Díaz, A. (2024) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.22301 · Cited by 6
“…blood–brain barrier and enter the brain to interact with its GLP-1R receptor that is expressed at the neuronal, glial, and microglial levels (Athauda & Foltynie, 2016; Qian et al., 2022).”
Toker, D., Chiang, J. N., Vespa, P. M., Schnakers, C., & Monti, M. M. (2025) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-025-02217-0 · Cited by 6
“Both preclinical [83] and clinical [84] studies have also shown that GLP-1 agonists significantly reduce these pathological deposits in the brain, with similar results for GIP and dual GIP/ GLP-1 agonists [67, 68].”
Exercise Improves Spatial Learning and Memory Performance through the Central GLP-1 Receptors
Taati, M., Barzegar, P. E. F., & Raisi, A. (2022) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2022/2900628 · Cited by 6
“The role of GLP-1 to inhibit apoptosis, neuronal growth, cell proliferation, and decreasing oxidative damage in the CNS has been recently revealed (Athauda and Foltynie [40]).”
BackgroundMayer, A. B., Amaral, H. D. O., de Oliveira, D. G. R., Campos, G. A. A., Ribeiro, P. G., Rego, S., de Souza, A. C. B., de Castro, R. J. A., Bocca, A. L., & Mortari, M. R. (2023) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2023.102390 · Cited by 4
Nanocarriers to mediate the pathways from diabetes toward Parkinson's disease
De, S., & Kuo, Y. (2024) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105401 · Cited by 6
Potential association between obstructive lung diseases and cognitive decline
Figat, M., Wiśniewska, A., Plichta, J., Miłkowska-Dymanowska, J., Majewski, S., Karbownik, M. S., Kuna, P., & Panek, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363373 · Cited by 5
Pham, T., Schelling, R. E., & Loh, K. H. (2025) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2025.02.001 · Cited by 5
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: What ophthalmologists need to know
Bala, S., Allan, K. C., Decker, N. L., Abbass, N. J., Joo, J. H., Zhao, A., Talcott, K. E., & Rachitskaya, A. V. (2025) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2025.12.007 · Cited by 5
Stefanou, M., Panagiotopoulos, E., Tentolouris, A., Theodorou, A., Papagiannopoulou, G., Athanasaki, A., Tsalouchidou, P., Peppa, Μ., Lambadiari, V., Konitsiotis, S., et al. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251408269 · Cited by 6
Choudhury, I., Ward, J. H., Mahesh, S., Alam, U., Azmi, S., & Anson, M. (2026) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2026.02.010 · Cited by 4
Challenges and unfulfilled promises in Parkinson's disease
Stoessl, A. J. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30334-4 · Cited by 4
The potential role of CGRP in synuclein-associated neurodegenerative disorders
Alexoudi, A., Donadio, V., & Karageorgiou, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1479830 · Cited by 5
“The therapeutic potential of the GLP1 analogues is mainly mediated through the involvement of PI3K/ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT-dependent pathways in terms of evading apoptosis toward cell survival (Athauda and Foltynie, 2016).”
Glucose Metabolism Disorders and Parkinson’s Disease: Coincidence or Indicator of Dysautonomia?
Chmiela, T., Jarosz-Chobot, P. A., & Gorzkowska, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12232462 · Cited by 4
Pathway-based network medicine identifies novel natural products for Alzheimer’s disease
Liang, Y., Xie, S., & Jia, J. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01694-x · Cited by 4
Neuroendocrine and metabolic impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Verugina, N. I., Levin, O. S., & Lyashenko, E. A. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202012010267 · Cited by 4
O'Brien, R., Buckley, M. M., & O’Malley, D. (2021) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14160 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Athauda, D., & Foltynie, T.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Athauda, Dilan
- Venue
- Drug Discovery Today
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 802-818
- ISSN
- 1359-6446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2270971263
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug Discovery Today (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation, Brain Research Trust, Cure Parkinson's Trust, Parkinson's UK
- European Commission (FP7)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- GLP-1 receptor, GLP-1 receptor agonists, Parkinson's disease, neuroprotection, exenatide, Parkinson's disease dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mechanism of action, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Learning, Mitochondria, Parkinson Disease, Signal Transduction, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
