Cardiovascular and subjective effects of repeated smoked cocaine administration in experienced cocaine users
Open accessAbstract
Studies using rodents have shown that behavioral responses to a stimulant are enhanced when the stimulant is given within the same context as previous stimulant administrations; this increase in effect related to context is often referred to as sensitization. We examined the role of environmental stimuli in modulating the subjective and cardiovascular effects of cocaine in humans (1) within a daily "binge" and (2) after cocaine abstinence. Ten non-treatment seeking users of smoked cocaine were admitted to the hospital for 17 consecutive days. Participants smoked cocaine (25mg/dose) under two counterbalanced conditions: paired stimuli (same stimuli presented each session) and unpaired stimuli (varied stimuli presented each session). Under each stimulus condition, participants had cocaine test sessions for three consecutive days, no sessions for the next 3 days, then another cocaine test session on the following day, for a total of eight test days. Stimulus condition had no effect on cardiovascular or subjective effects so data were analyzed as a function of repeated cocaine administration over 2 weeks. Maximal ratings on "good drug" and "drug rating" subjective effects clusters decreased over days of repeated cocaine exposure. In contrast, baseline and peak heart rate and systolic pressure increased over days of repeated cocaine administration. Thus, repeated administration of smoked cocaine to experienced cocaine users resulted in increases in baseline blood pressure and heart rate and modest decreases in positive subjective effects. These data indicate modest tolerance rather than sensitization to the positive subjective effects of cocaine with repeated exposure.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In humans, several reports have provided evidence of sensitization in psychostimulant drug users leading to enhanced drug-seeking, despite showing tolerance to the drug's euphoric effects.
“In humans, several reports have provided evidence of sensitization in psychostimulant drug users leading to enhanced drug-seeking, despite showing tolerance to the drug’s euphoric effects (Bartlett et al., 1997; Reed et al., 2009; Small et al., 2009).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Reed et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Multiple imputation in health‐are databases: An overview and some applications
Rubin, D. B., & Nathaniel Schenker, A. (1991) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780100410 · Cited by 1,553 · see citing works
Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion
Breiter, H. C., Gollub, R. L., Weisskoff, R. M., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N., Berke, J. D., Goodman, J. M., Kantor, H. L., Gastfriend, D. R., Riorden, J. P., et al. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80374-8 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Anagnostaras, S., & Robinson, T. E. (1996) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.110.6.1397 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Anagnostaras, S. G., & Robinson, T. E. (1996) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1397 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Evans, S. M., Haney, M., & Foltin, R. W. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0944-7 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, T. G. (1998) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00020-1 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Childress, A.-R., Jayne, M., Ma, Y., & Wong, C. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.059 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Badiani, A., Browman, K. E., & Robinson, T. E. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00028-o · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Smoked and intravenous cocaine in humans: acute tolerance, cardiovascular and subjective effects.
Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (1991) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)24787-5 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationCrombag, H. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00243-6 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Bartlett, E. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00164-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans
Foltin, R. W., & Haney, M. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002139900340 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationConditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans
Leyton, M. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cocaine conditioning and cocaine sensitization: what is the relationship?
Carey, R. J., & Gui, J. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00126-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lack of evidence for context-dependent cocaine-induced sensitization in humans: Preliminary studies
Rothman, R. B., Gorelick, D. A., Baumann, M. H., Guo, X. Y., Herning, R. I., Pickworth, W. B., Gendron, T. M., Koeppl, B., Thomson, L. E., & Henningfield, J. E. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90073-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Behavioral Sensitization in Humans
Sax, K. W., & Strakowski, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v20n03_06 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Demonstration of naturalistic methods for cocaine smoking by human volunteers
Foltin, R. W., Fischman, M. W., Nestadt, G., Stromberger, H., Cornell, E. E., & Pearlson, G. D. (1990) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(90)90121-t · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of escalating doses of smoked cocaine in humans
Foltin, R. W. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00343-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective and behavioral effects of repeated d-amphetamine in humans
Wachtel, S. R., & de Wit, H. (1999) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199905000-00004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chinen, C. C., Faria, R. R., & Frussa‐Filho, R. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300789 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Modulation of intravenous cocaine effects by chronic oral cocaine in humans
WALSH, S. L., Haberny, K. A., & Bigelow, G. E. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000439 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Binge cocaine self-administration by humans: smoked cocaine
Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Fischman, M. W., & Foltin, R. W. (1997) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199712000-00009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationSensitization, drug addiction and psychopathology in animals and humans
Vezina, P. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.030 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Human Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and its Control by Drug-Associated Stimuli in the Laboratory
Panlilio, L. V., Yaşar, S., Nemeth-Coslett, R., Katz, J. L., Henningfield, J. E., Solinas, M., Heishman, S. J., Schindler, C. W., & Goldberg, S. R. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300599 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Intranasal cocaine in humans: acute tolerance, cardiovascular and subjective effects
Foltin, R. W., & Haney, M. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.02.018 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationOhmori, T., Abekawa, T., Ito, K., et al. (2000) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200006000-00005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cocaine-conditioned behavioral effects: a role for habituation processes
Carey, R. J., DePalma, G., & Damianopoulos, E. N. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)01072-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cardiovascular responses to cocaine placebo in humans: A preliminary report
Cascella, N. G., Muntaner, C., Kumor, K. M., et al. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90176-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sensitization to the cardiovascular but not subject-rated effects of oral cocaine in humans
Kollins, S. H., & Rush, C. R. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01288-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rapid sensitization to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine in rats
Tella, S. R., Schindler, C. W., & Goldberg, S. R. (1991) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(91)90133-b · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Test‐retest stability of cardiovascular and subjective responses to intravenous cocaine in humans
Nagoshi, C. T., Kumor, K. M., & Muntaner, C. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01961.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reed, S. C., Haney, M., Evans, S. M., Vadhan, N. P., Rubin, E., & Foltin, R. W.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 102-107
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2679224
- OpenAlex
- W2095204528
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA008105, DA-08105)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024156)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- cocaine, smoked cocaine, cocaine tolerance, cocaine sensitization, subjective effects, cardiovascular effects, heart rate, blood pressure, repeated dosing, cocaine abstinence
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Blood Pressure, Drug Tolerance, Female, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smell, Smoking, Cocaine-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
