Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans

Leyton, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027

Cited by 127Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans

Leyton, Marco·2007·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027

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Abstract

In animal models considerable evidence suggests that increased motivation to seek and ingest drugs of abuse are related to conditioned and sensitized activations of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Direct evidence for these phenomena in humans, though, is sparse. However, recent studies support the following. First, the acute administration of drugs of abuse across pharmacological classes increases extracellular DA levels within the human ventral striatum. Second, individual differences in the magnitude of this response correlate with rewarding effects of the drugs and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Third, transiently diminishing DA transmission in humans decreases drug craving, the propensity to preferentially respond to reward-paired stimuli, and the ability to sustain responding for future drug reward. Finally, very recent studies suggest that repeated exposure to stimulant drugs, either on the street or in the laboratory, can lead to conditioned and sensitized behavioral responses and DA release. In contrast to these findings, though, in individuals with a long history of substance abuse, drug-induced DA release is decreased. This diminished DA release could reflect two different phenomena. First, it is possible that drug withdrawal related decrements in DA cell function persist longer than previously suspected. Second, drug-paired stimuli may gain marked conditioned control over the release of DA and the expression of sensitization leading to reduced DA release when drug-related cues are absent. Based on these observations a two-factor hypothesis of the role of DA in drug abuse is proposed. In the presence of drug cues, conditioned and sensitized DA release would occur leading to focused drug-seeking behavior. In comparison, in the absence of drug-related stimuli DA function would be reduced, diminishing the ability of individuals to sustain goal-directed behavior and long-term objectives. This conditioned control of the expression of sensitized DA release could aggravate susceptibility to relapse, narrow the range of interests and perturb decision-making, accounting for a wide range of addiction related phenomena.

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Experience-dependent mechanisms regulate the sensitivity and plasticity of the central nervous system and act at several biological levels: cellular changes such as neurogenesis, pruning and sprouting of synapses, myelination of axons and alterations to the number of dendritic spines; subcellular changes, such as alterations to the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix and changes in the level
“These experience-dependent mechanisms regulate the sensitivity and plasticity of the central nervous system and act at several biological levels (likely partly in parallel with each other): i) cellular changes such as neurogenesis, pruning and sprouting of synapses, myelination of axons and alterations to the number of dendritic spines9, 10, ii) subcellular changes, such as alterations to the”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
Drug dependence is closely linked to impulsivity, understood as preferring a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed one.
“Dependence to drugs of abuse is closely associated with impulsivity, or the propensity to choose a lower, but immediate, reward over a delayed, but more valuable outcome.”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Leyton, 2007
The inverted U model proposes that optimal dopamine transmission, neither too low nor too high, is required for optimal response inhibition, and may explain discrepancies in healthy control studies.
“One reason for this discrepancy may be explained by the “inverted U” model, which proposes that optimal dopamine transmission, which is neither too low nor too high, is required for optimal response inhibition (Cools and D'Esposito, 2011; Gjedde et al., 2010; Leyton, 2007).”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Leyton, 2007
Sensitization of mesolimbic dopamine function results in the amplification of the neural mechanisms for incentive salience that transform ordinary levels of cue-triggered 'wanting' into excessive levels of urges to take drugs and gamble, and a persistent vulnerability to relapse.
“Sensitization of mesolimbic dopamine function results in the amplification of the neural mechanisms for incentive salience that transform ordinary levels of cue-triggered ‘wanting’ into excessive levels of urges to take drugs and gamble, and a persistent vulnerability to relapse (Boileau et al., 2014; W. Y. Kim, Cho, Kwak, & Kim, 2017; Leyton, 2007).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Leyton, 2007
Gambling-related cues take on increased incentive salience, while other non-related or unfamiliar cues may become less important or even inhibit motivation.
“This finding implies that while gambling-related cues take on increased incentive salience, other non-related or unfamiliar cues may become less important or even inhibit motivation (Leyton, 2007; 2014; Leyton & Vezina, 2012; 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Leyton, 2007

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Wachtel, S. R., & de Wit, H. (1999) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199905000-00004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Changes in basal and cocaine-evoked extracellular dopamine uptake and release in the rat nucleus accumbens during early abstinence from cocaine: quantitative determination under transient conditions
Chefer, V. I., & Shippenberg, T. S. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00099-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Regulation of striatonigral prodynorphin peptides by dopaminergic agents
Trujillo, K. A., Day, R. W., & Akil, H. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90977-j · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Behavioral changes and [123I]IBZM equilibrium SPECT measurement of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in rhesus monkeys exposed to subchronic amphetamine
Castner, S. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00080-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The effects of repeated amphetamine exposure on multiple measures of human behavior
Kelly, T. H., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90301-h · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter turnover in rat striatum is correlated with morphine self-administration
Smith, J. E., Co, C., Freeman, M. E., Sands, M. P., & Lane, J. D. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/287152a0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self detoxication by amphetamine dependent patients: a pilot study
Cantwell, B., & McBride, A. J. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00160-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Enhanced behavioral response to repeated d-amphetamine and personality traits in humans
Sax, K. W., & Strakowski, S. M. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00168-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Subjective reports of withdrawal among cocaine users: recommendations for DSM-IV
Cottler, L. B., Shillington, A. M., Compton, W. M., MAGER, D. E., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90051-q · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cocaine-primed craving and its relationship to depressive symptomatology in individuals with cocaine dependence
Elman, I., Karlsgodt, K. H., Gastfriend, D. R., Chabris, C. F., & Breiter, H. C. (2002) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110201600207 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Human Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and its Control by Drug-Associated Stimuli in the Laboratory
Panlilio, L. V., Yaşar, S., Nemeth-Coslett, R., Katz, J. L., Henningfield, J. E., Solinas, M., Heishman, S. J., Schindler, C. W., & Goldberg, S. R. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300599 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Conditioned responses elicited by experimentally produced cues for smoking
Mucha, R. F., Pauli, P., & Angrilli, A. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y98-022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms modulate the subjective and physiological response to cocaine in humans
Sofuoglu, M., Brown, S. B., Babb, D. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00199-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An Escalating Dose/Multiple High-Dose Binge Pattern of Amphetamine Administration Results in Differential Changes in the Extracellular Dopamine Response Profiles in Caudate-Putamen and Nucleus Accumbens
Kuczenski, R., & Segal, D. S. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04441.1997 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
SPECT tracer [123I]IBZM has similar affinity to dopamine D2 and D3 receptors
Videb�k, C., Toska, K., Scheideler, M. A., Paulson, O. B., & Knudsen, G. M. (2000) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20001201)38:3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Repeated cocaine treatment alters tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat nucleus accumbens
Todtenkopf, M. S., Leon, K. R. D., & Stellar, J. R. (2000) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00277-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Escalating dose-binge stimulant exposure: relationship between emergent behavioral profile and differential caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens dopamine responses
Segal, D. S., & Kuczenski, R. T. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050878 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
THE CRAVING WITHDRAWAL MODEL FOR ALCOHOLISM: TOWARDS THE DSM-V. IMPROVING THE DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER DIAGNOSIS
de Bruijn, C., van den Brink, W., de Graaf, R., & Vollebergh, W. (2005) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh166 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Residual effects of repeated cocaine smoking in humans
Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (1997) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00093-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens during unlimited-access self-administration of d-amphetamine by rats
Ciano, P. D., Blaha, C. D., & Phillips, A. G. (1996) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199611000-00016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dopaminergic responses to self‐administered cocaine in Rhesus monkeys do not sensitize following high cumulative intake
Bradberry, C. W., & Rubino, S. R. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04815.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Amphetamine sensitization: Nonassociative and associative components.
Wang, Y., & Hsiao, S. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.961 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stimulant sensitization in humans
Gorelick, D. A., & Rothman, R. B. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)80005-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Inhibition of dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence after free access to d-amphetamine
Ciano, P. D. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00265-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Personality Changes in Women Recovering from Substance-Related Dependence
Borman, P. D., Zilberman, M. L., Tavares, H., Surís, A., el‐Guebaly, N., & Foster, B. (2006) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v25n04_06 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Test‐retest stability of cardiovascular and subjective responses to intravenous cocaine in humans
Nagoshi, C. T., Kumor, K. M., & Muntaner, C. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01961.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Repeated cocaine injections have no influence on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat nucleus accumbens core or shell
Licata, S. C., & Pierce, R. C. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Amphetamine-induced Displacement of [ 18 F]fallypride in Striatal and Extrastriatal Regions: a Pet Study
Riccardi, P. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1639 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
U-50, 488H into A10 reduces haloperidol-induced elevations of accumbens dopamine
Leyton, M., Rajabi, H., & Stewart, J. (1992) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199212000-00024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY HUMANS
Fischman, M. W. (1999) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199908001-00084 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144 · see citing works
The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0093 · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
Drug addiction: updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Toward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.837379 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Sex differences, gender and addiction
Becker, J. B., McClellan, M. L., & Reed, B. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23963 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Cognitive Bias Modification and Cognitive Control Training in Addiction and Related Psychopathology: Mechanisms, Clinical Perspectives, and Ways Forward
Wiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612466547 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives.
Rutten, B. P. F., Hammels, C., Geschwind, N., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Pishva, E., Schruers, K., van den Hove, D., Kenis, G., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12095 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades
Vella, S., & Pai, N. B. (2019) · Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/amhs.amhs_119_19 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli
Cacioppo, J. T., Norris, C. J., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., & Nusbaum, H. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21007 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Quantifying Individual Variation in the Propensity to Attribute Incentive Salience to Reward Cues
Meyer, P., Lovic, V., Saunders, B. T., Yager, L. M., Flagel, S. B., Morrow, J. D., & Robinson, T. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038987 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Roles of "wanting" and "liking" in motivating behavior: gambling, food, and drug addictions
Robinson, M. J. F., Fischer, A. M., Ahuja, A., Lesser, E. N., & Maniates, H. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_387 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Multiple roles for orexin/hypocretin in addiction
Mahler, S. V., Smith, R. J., Moorman, D. E., Sartor, G. C., & Aston-Jones, G. (2012) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00007-0 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Conditioned cues and the expression of stimulant sensitization in animals and humans
Vezina, P., & Leyton, M. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.070 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
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Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity
Trifilieff, P., & Martinez, D. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Striatal ups and downs: Their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans
Leyton, M., & Vezina, P. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.018 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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Neural responses associated with cue‐reactivity in frequent cannabis users
Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00417.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Fronto-striatal dysregulation in drug addiction and pathological gambling: consistent inconsistencies?
Limbrick-Oldfield, E. H., van Holst, R. J., & Clark, L. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.02.005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Striatal Dopamine Responses to Intranasal Cocaine Self-Administration in Humans
Cox, S. M. L., Benkelfat, C., Dagher, A., Delaney, J. S., Durand, F., McKenzie, S. A., Kolivakis, T., Casey, K. F., & Leyton, M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.021 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Dopamine ups and downs in vulnerability to addictions: a neurodevelopmental model
Leyton, M., & Vezina, P. (2014) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2014.04.002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans
Tibboel, H., Houwer, J. D., & Bockstaele, B. V. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.015 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The pharmacological importance of agmatine in the brain
Uzbay, T. I. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.006 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Effects of Drugs of Abuse on the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Brief Overview
Pimentel, E., Sivalingam, K., Doke, M., & Samikkannu, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00513 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: a translational review
Lijffijt, M., Hu, K., & Swann, A. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00083 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Methyl Supplementation Attenuates Cocaine-Seeking Behaviors and Cocaine-Induced c-Fos Activation in a DNA Methylation-Dependent Manner
Wright, K. N., Hollis, F., Duclot, F., Dossat, A. M., Strong, C. E., Francis, T. C., Mercer, R., Feng, J., Dietz, D., Lobo, M. K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5227-14.2015 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Meta‐analysis on drugs in people with eating disorders
Elvira, A. C., Krug, I., Davis, K., López, C., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Treasure, J. L. (2009) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.936 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Evidence for incentive salience sensitization as a pathway to alcohol use disorder
Cofresí, R. U., Bartholow, B. D., & Piasecki, T. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wanting and liking: Separable components in problematic eating behavior?
Polk, S. E., LaFata, E. M., Furman, C. R., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Reverses Alcohol-Induced Allostasis of the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System: Implications for Alcohol Reward and Seeking
Barak, S., Carnicella, S., Yowell, Q. V., & Dorit Ron, A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1750-11.2011 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Medication overuse and drug addiction: a narrative review from addiction perspective
Takahashi, T. T., Ornello, R., Quatrosi, G., Angelo, T., Albanese, M., Vigneri, S., Guglielmetti, M., Marco, C. M. D., Dutordoir, C., Colangeli, E., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01224-8 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dopamine ‘ups and downs’ in addiction revisited
Samaha, A., Khoo, S. Y., Ferrario, C. R., & Robinson, T. E. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.03.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Wanting,” “liking,” and their relation to consciousness.
Anselme, P., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000090 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Brain reactivity to emotional, neutral and cigarette‐related stimuli in smokers
Versace, F., Minnix, J. A., Robinson, J. D., Lam, C. Y., Brown, V., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2010) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00273.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Striatal and ventral pallidum dynorphin concentrations are markedly increased in human chronic cocaine users
Frankel, P. S., Alburges, M. E., Bush, L. G., Hanson, G. R., & Kish, S. J. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.04.019 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Reduced Dopamine Response to Amphetamine in Subjects at Ultra-High Risk for Addiction
Casey, K. F., Benkelfat, C., Cherkasova, M. V., Baker, G. B., Dagher, A., & Leyton, M. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.033 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Right on Cue? Striatal Reactivity in Problem Gamblers
van Holst, R. J., Veltman, D. J., van den Brink, W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This finding implies that while gambling-related cues take on increased incentive salience, other non-related or unfamiliar cues may become less important or even inhibit motivation (Leyton, 2007, 2014; Leyton & Vezina, 2012, 2014).”
Hedonic Escalation: When Food Just Tastes Better and Better
Crolic, C., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw032 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The detrimental effects of emotional process dysregulation on decision-making in substance dependence
Murphy, A., Taylor, E., & Elliott, R. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00101 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The effects of oral micronized progesterone on smoked cocaine self-administration in women
Collins, S. L., Evans, S. M., Bedi, G., Rubin, E., & Foltin, R. W. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.12.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
On Cue: Striatal Ups and Downs in Addictions
Leyton, M., & Vezina, P. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.036 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impulsive actions and choices in laboratory animals and humans: effects of high vs. low dopamine states produced by systemic treatments given to neurologically intact subjects
Dâ€TMAmour-Horvat, V., & Leyton, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00432 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sensitization, drug addiction and psychopathology in animals and humans
Vezina, P. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.030 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Differential Striatal Dopamine Responses Following Oral Alcohol in Individuals at Varying Risk for Dependence
Setiawan, E., Pihl, R. O., Dagher, A., Schlagintweit, H. E., Casey, K. F., Benkelfat, C., & Leyton, M. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12218 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Behavioral, thermal and neurochemical effects of acute and chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) self-administration
Reveron, M. E., Maier, E. Y., & Duvauchelle, C. L. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.038 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Recent advances with a novel model organism: Alcohol tolerance and sensitization in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Tran, S., & Gerlai, R. T. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Investigating expectation and reward in human opioid addiction with [ 11 C ]raclopride PET
Watson, B. J., Taylor, L. G., Reid, A. G., Wilson, S. J., Stokes, P. R. A., Brooks, D. J., Myers, J. F., Turkheimer, F., Nutt, D., & Lingford-Hughes, A. R. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12073 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Abolition of the behavioral phenotype of adult netrin-1 receptor deficient mice by exposure to amphetamine during the juvenile period
Yetnikoff, L., Almey, A., Arvanitogiannis, A., & Flores, C. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2312-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Combining Stress and Dopamine Based Models of Addiction: Towards a Psycho-Neuro-Endocrinological Theory of Addiction
Johnston, J. H., Linden, D. E. J., & van den Bree, M. B. M. (2016) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473709666151209113913 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model
Auger, M. L., Schmidt, E. R. E., Manitt, C., Dal-Bo, G., Pasterkamp, R., & Flores, C. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12270 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
What’s deficient in reward deficiency?
Leyton, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140204 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cardiovascular and subjective effects of repeated smoked cocaine administration in experienced cocaine users
Reed, S. C., Haney, M., Evans, S. M., Vadhan, N. P., Rubin, E., & Foltin, R. W. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.02.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Wither or Thrive Model of Resilience: an Integrative Framework of Dynamic Vulnerability and Resilience in the Face of Repeated Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Godara, M., Silveira, S., Matthaeus, H., & Singer, T. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00069-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dopamine D4 receptor deficiency in mice alters behavioral responses to anxiogenic stimuli and the psychostimulant methylphenidate
Keck, T. M., Suchland, K. L., Jimenez, C. C., & Grandy, D. K. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Selective breeding for magnitude of methamphetamine-induced sensitization alters methamphetamine consumption
Scibelli, A. C., McKinnon, C. S., Reed, C. L., Burkhart‐Kasch, S., Li, N., Baba, H., Wheeler, J. M., & Phillips, T. J. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2086-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Research in Social Neuroscience: How Perceived Social Isolation, Ostracism, and Romantic Rejection Affect Our Brain
Cacioppo, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Amphetamine- and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and concomitant psychomotor sensitization in mice with genetically inactivated melanin-concentrating hormone MCH1 receptor
Tyhon, A., Lakaye, B., Adamantidis, A., & Tirelli, E. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.027 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cocaine Sensitization Increases I h Current Channel Subunit 2 (HCN2) Protein Expression in Structures of the Mesocorticolimbic System
Santos‐Vera, B., Vázquez‐Torres, R., Marrero, H. G. G., Acevedo, J. M. R., Arencibia‐Albite, F., Vélez-Hernández, M. E., Miranda, J. D., & Jiménez‐Rivera, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9920-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A voxel-wise meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies on impaired gain and loss processing in adults with addiction
Qiu, Z., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.200047 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Influence of theOPRM1A118G Polymorphism on Alcohol-Induced Euphoria, Risk for Alcoholism and the Clinical Efficacy of Naltrexone
Setiawan, E., Pihl, R. O., Benkelfat, C., & Leyton, M. (2012) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.12.99 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of the OPRM1 and DRD4 polymorphisms on the relation between attentional bias and alcohol use in adolescence and young adulthood
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Authors: Leyton, M.
Affiliations: McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Leyton, Marco
ORCID: Leyton, Marco
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-11
Volume: 31
Issue: 8
Pages: 1601-1613
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027
OpenAlex: W1991899916
Cited by: 127
References: 197
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 0.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: McGill University
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: sensitization, mesolimbic dopamine system, dopamine release, ventral striatum, drug craving, novelty seeking, drug reward, relapse, drug withdrawal, stimulants, addiction, goal-directed behavior
MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Stimulants, Behavior, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Dopamine, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders

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Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans

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